---
title: sultan — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sultan» in the school dictionary: A sultan is a king or ruler in some Muslim countries, both in history and today, such as the Sultan of Brunei or the Sultan of Oman. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sultan

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** sultan, sultans, Saladin, Ottoman sultans, he · **What happens:** be, rule, live, listen, call, say · **To what, where:** king, Muslim countries, huge empire, history, palace, one · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sultan» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sultan in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sultan.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sultan is a king or ruler in some Muslim countries, both in history and today, such as the Sultan of Brunei or the Sultan of Oman.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:m1:1
# text = A sultan is a king or ruler in some Muslim countries, both in history and today, such as the Sultan of Brunei or the Sultan of Oman.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sultan	sultan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	ruler	ruler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
10	Muslim	Muslim	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc:preconj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
17	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
19	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	22	case	_	_
20	as	as	ADP	IN	_	19	fixed	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	Sultan	Sultan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	Brunei	Brunei	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
25	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	Sultan	Sultan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	Oman	Oman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a sultan | a king or ruler both history  today |  | some Muslim countries |  | such the Sultan of Brunei or the Sultan of Oman | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In history, the sultans of the Ottoman Empire ruled a huge empire from Istanbul.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:m2:1
# text = In history, the sultans of the Ottoman Empire ruled a huge empire from Istanbul.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sultans	sultan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Ottoman	Ottoman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	ruled	rule	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	empire	empire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Istanbul	Istanbul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rule** | past | the sultans of the Ottoman Empire | a huge empire |  | history |  | from Istanbul | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent empire=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sultan lived in a palace with beautiful gardens.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x1:1
# text = The sultan lived in a palace with beautiful gardens.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sultan	sultan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	palace	palace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	gardens	garden	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the sultan |  |  | a palace with beautiful gardens |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in palace=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Sultan of Brunei is one of the world's richest rulers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x2:1
# text = The Sultan of Brunei is one of the world's richest rulers.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Sultan	Sultan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Brunei	Brunei	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	richest	rich	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	12	amod	_	_
12	rulers	ruler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Sultan of Brunei | one |  |  |  | of the world's richest rulers | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saladin was a famous sultan at the time of the Crusades.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x3:1
# text = Saladin was a famous sultan at the time of the Crusades.
1	Saladin	Saladin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	sultan	sultan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	Crusades	Crusade	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Saladin | a famous sultan |  |  | time |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Ottoman sultans ruled from Istanbul for centuries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x4:1
# text = The Ottoman sultans ruled from Istanbul for centuries.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Ottoman	ottoman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	sultans	sultan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	ruled	rule	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Istanbul	Istanbul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	centuries	century	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rule** | past | the Ottoman sultans |  |  | Istanbul | century |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the story, the sultan listened to a new tale every night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x5:1
# text = In the story, the sultan listened to a new tale every night.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sultan	sultan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	listened	listen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	tale	tale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	det	_	_
13	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **listen** | past | the sultan |  |  |  | night | to a new tale; in the story | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in story=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A country ruled by a sultan is called a sultanate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x6:1
# text = A country ruled by a sultan is called a sultanate.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	ruled	rule	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sultan	sultan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sultanate	sultanate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rule** | participle |  | a country *not said here* |  |  |  | by a sultan | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **call** | present · passive |  | a country |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sultan's wife was called the sultana.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x7:1
# text = The sultan's wife was called the sultana.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sultan	sultan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	wife	wife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sultana	sultana	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | past · passive |  | the sultan's wife |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Oman is ruled by a sultan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x8:1
# text = Oman is ruled by a sultan.
1	Oman	oman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	ruled	rule	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sultan	sultan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rule** | present · passive | a sultan | Oman |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"The Sultan is welcome," he said.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sultan:x9:1
# text = "The Sultan is welcome," he said.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Sultan	Sultan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	welcome	welcome	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present | the Sultan |  |  |  |  | welcome *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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