---
title: sung — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sung» in the school dictionary: Sung is the form of "sing" used after have, has, had and be. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sung

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** form, I, We, whole class, sung Mass, lollipop lady · **What happens:** sing, use, have, be, form, mean · **To what, where:** sing, sung service, It, song, anthem, start · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sung» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sung in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sung.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sung is the form of "sing" used after have, has, had and be.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:m1:1
# text = Sung is the form of "sing" used after have, has, had and be.
1	Sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	advcl	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	aux:pass	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	sing	sing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
10	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	parataxis	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	be	be	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | present · passive | the form of sing *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V» |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | sing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **have** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **have** | present | the form of sing |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **have** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **be** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **form** |  |  | sing |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"I have sung", "It was sung".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:m1e:1
# text = "I have sung", "It was sung".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* *in a quote* | present · perfect | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location |
| 2 | **sing** *speech: express* *in a quote* | past · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As an adjective, sung means performed by singing rather than speaking, as in "a sung service" or "sung prayers".

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:m2:1
# text = As an adjective, sung means performed by singing rather than speaking, as in "a sung service" or "sung prayers".
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	nsubj	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	performed	perform	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	ccomp	_	_
8	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	singing	sing	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
10	rather	rather	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	12	compound	_	_
11	than	than	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
16	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
19	service	service	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	amod	_	_
24	prayers	prayer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | as a adjective | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **perform** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn performance-26.7 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **sing** *speech: express* | gerund |  |  |  | a sung service or sung prayers |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in service=Location |
| 5 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **sing** *speech: express* *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **sing** *speech: express* *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We have sung that song three times today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:x1:1
# text = We have sung that song three times today.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
8	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | present · perfect | We | that song |  |  | time; today |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The anthem was sung at the start of the match.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:x2:1
# text = The anthem was sung at the start of the match.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	anthem	anthem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	start	start	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past · passive |  | the anthem |  | the start of the match |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **start** |  |  | the match |  |  |  |  | nom start «event transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Happy Birthday was sung loudly by the whole class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:x3:1
# text = Happy Birthday was sung loudly by the whole class.
1	Happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	Birthday	Birthday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	loudly	loudly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past · passive | the whole class | Happy Birthday |  |  |  | loudly *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On Sundays there is a sung Mass at eleven.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:x4:1
# text = On Sundays there is a sung Mass at eleven.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Sundays	Sunday	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
3	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	4	expl	_	_
4	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	Mass	mass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	eleven	eleven	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a sung Mass at eleven |  |  | there | sunday |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **sing** *speech: express* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The choir had sung beautifully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:x5:1
# text = The choir had sung beautifully.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	choir	choir	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	beautifully	beautifully	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past · perfect · passive |  | the choir |  |  |  | beautifully *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lollipop lady is an unsung hero of our school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:x6:1
# text = The lollipop lady is an unsung hero of our school.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lollipop	lollipop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	lady	lady	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	unsung	unsung	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	hero	hero	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the lollipop lady | a unsung hero |  |  |  | of our school | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Now she heard the following words sadly sung,--

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sung:x7:1
# text = Now she heard the following words sadly sung,--
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
6	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	sadly	sadly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | she | the following words |  |  | now |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer word=Stimulus |
| 2 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **sing** *speech: express* | participle |  | the following words *not said here* |  |  |  | sadly *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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