---
title: sunk — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sunk» in the school dictionary: Sunk is a form of sink: gone down under water or below a surface, as in the ship had sunk. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sunk

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Sunk, you, help, treasure, heart, I · **What happens:** be, go down, sink, use, set, arrive · **To what, where:** form, water, ship, you, deep trouble, Sunk

<!-- .vabout -->
«sunk» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sunk in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sunk.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sunk is a form of sink: gone down under water or below a surface, as in the ship had sunk.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:m1:1
# text = Sunk is a form of sink: gone down under water or below a surface, as in the ship had sunk.
1	Sunk	Sunk	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sink	sink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
9	down	down	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	under	under	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	below	below	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
17	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
21	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	sunk	sink	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Sunk | a form |  |  |  | of sink | tree rules |
| 2 | **go down** | participle |  |  |  | water or a surface |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme under water=Location |
| 3 | **sink** | past · perfect |  |  |  | the ship |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If you are sunk, you are in deep trouble with no way out.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:m2:1
# text = If you are sunk, you are in deep trouble with no way out.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	sunk	sink	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	trouble	trouble	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	13	det	_	_
13	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	out	out	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sink** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · passive |  | you |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | you |  |  | deep trouble |  | with no way | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sunk is used for things set lower, as in sunk into the sofa.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:m3:1
# text = Sunk is used for things set lower, as in sunk into the sofa.
1	Sunk	Sunk	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	set	set	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	sunk	sink	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
12	into	into	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	sofa	sofa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | Sunk |  |  |  | for things | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for thing=Eventuality |
| 2 | **set** | participle |  | things *not said here* |  |  |  | low *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **sink** | participle |  |  |  | the sofa |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ship had sunk before help arrived.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:x1:1
# text = The ship had sunk before help arrived.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	sunk	sink	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sink** | past · perfect · passive |  | the ship |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **arrive** | past | help |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The treasure lay in a sunk ship.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:x2:1
# text = The treasure lay in a sunk ship.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	treasure	treasure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lay	lie	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	sunk	sunk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | past | the treasure |  |  | a sunk ship |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in ship=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My heart sank when I saw the score, and it has sunk lower since.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:x3:1
# text = My heart sank when I saw the score, and it has sunk lower since.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sank	sink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	score	score	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	sunk	sink	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
14	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	13	xcomp	_	_
15	since	since	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sink** | past | My heart |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | past | I | the score |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer score=Stimulus |
| 3 | **sink** | present · perfect · passive |  | heart |  |  |  | low, since *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If we lose the key, we're sunk! (informal)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* If we lose the key, we're sunk!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:x4:1
# text = If we lose the key, we're sunk!
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lose	lose	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	key	key	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	're	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	sunk	sink	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | we | the key |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent key=Eventuality |
| 2 | **sink** | present · passive |  | we |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (informal)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:x4:2
# text = (informal)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She sat sunk in the armchair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:x5:1
# text = She sat sunk in the armchair.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sunk	sink	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	armchair	armchair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sink** | participle | She *not said here* |  |  | the armchair |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stone has sunk to the bottom of the pond.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:x6:1
# text = The stone has sunk to the bottom of the pond.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	sunk	sink	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	pond	pond	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sink** | present · perfect · passive |  | the stone |  |  |  | to the bottom of the pond | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The clouds sunk as the evening drew on, and it became dark.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunk:x7:1
# text = The clouds sunk as the evening drew on, and it became dark.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sunk	sunk	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	on	on	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
13	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sunk** | present | the clouds |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **draw on** | past | the evening |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **become** | past | it |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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