---
title: sunspot — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sunspot» in the school dictionary: A dark, cooler patch that appears for a while on the surface of the Sun. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sunspot

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** dark cooler patch, people, Sunspots, You, Astronomers, Sun · **What happens:** appear, go, look, be, not look, find · **To what, where:** surface, holiday, sunspots, image, paper, more northern lights

<!-- .vabout -->
«sunspot» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sunspot in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sunspot.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A dark, cooler patch that appears for a while on the surface of the Sun.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:m1:1
# text = A dark, cooler patch that appears for a while on the surface of the Sun.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	cooler	cool	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	patch	patch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	appears	appear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	while	while	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	Sun.	Sunday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **appear** | present | a dark cooler patch |  |  | the surface of the Sun. | while |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on surface=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, UK — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sunny place where people go on holiday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:m2:1
# text = A sunny place where people go on holiday.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	sunny	sunny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	6	advmod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	holiday	holiday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | people |  |  | holiday |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on holiday=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sunspots look dark only because they are cooler than the gas around them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:x1:1
# text = Sunspots look dark only because they are cooler than the gas around them.
1	Sunspots	sunspot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	cooler	cool	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	advcl	_	_
9	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	around	around	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | Sunspots |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is** | present | Sunspots *= sunspot* |  |  |  |  | than the gas around them; cool *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You must never look straight at the Sun to find sunspots.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:x2:1
# text = You must never look straight at the Sun to find sunspots.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
11	sunspots	sunspot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **look** | must | You |  |  |  |  | at the Sun; straight *property* | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at sun=Theme |
| 2 | **find** | to-infinitive | You *not said here* | sunspots |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sunspot=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Astronomers project the Sun's image onto paper to see sunspots safely.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:x3:1
# text = Astronomers project the Sun's image onto paper to see sunspots safely.
1	Astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	project	project	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	image	image	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	sunspots	sunspot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
12	safely	safely	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **project** | present | Astronomers | the Sun's image |  | paper |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent image=Value |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | Astronomers *not said here* | sunspots |  |  |  | safely *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer sunspot=Stimulus |
| 3 | **image** |  | the Sun |  |  |  |  |  | nom image «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The number of sunspots goes up and down about every eleven years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:x4:1
# text = The number of sunspots goes up and down about every eleven years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	sunspots	sunspot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	down	down	ADV	RB	_	6	conj	_	_
9	about	about	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	eleven	eleven	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go up** | present | the number of sunspots |  |  |  | year |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A big sunspot can be wider than the whole Earth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:x5:1
# text = A big sunspot can be wider than the whole Earth.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	sunspot	sunspot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	wider	wide	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | a big sunspot |  |  |  |  | than the whole Earth; wide *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lots of sunspots can mean more northern lights.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:x6:1
# text = Lots of sunspots can mean more northern lights.
1	Lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	sunspots	sunspot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	amod	_	_
7	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Lots of sunspots | more northern lights |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent light=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spain is a favourite sunspot for families from Ireland in summer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sunspot:x7:1
# text = Spain is a favourite sunspot for families from Ireland in summer.
1	Spain	Spain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	favourite	favourite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	sunspot	sunspot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Spain | a favourite sunspot |  |  | summer | for families from Ireland | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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