---
title: surge — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «surge» in the school dictionary: A surge is a sudden, strong rush forward of water, people or something else. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# surge

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** surge, energy, power surge, that, crowd, storm surge · **What happens:** be, surge, rise, damage, flood, feel · **To what, where:** sudden strong rush, sudden increase, sudden jump, electricity, machines, huge wave

<!-- .vabout -->
«surge» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [surge in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/surge.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A surge is a sudden, strong rush forward of water, people or something else.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:m1:1
# text = A surge is a sudden, strong rush forward of water, people or something else.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	rush	rush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	conj	_	_
16	else	else	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a surge | a sudden strong rush |  |  |  | of water; people *nmod*; forward *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A surge is a sudden increase, like a surge of energy or a surge in prices.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:m2:1
# text = A surge is a sudden increase, like a surge of energy or a surge in prices.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	increase	increase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	energy	energy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a surge | a sudden increase or a surge in prices |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **surge** |  | energy |  |  |  |  |  | nom surge «event intransitive»: of=agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To surge is to move forward or rise suddenly and powerfully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:m3:1
# text = To surge is to move forward or rise suddenly and powerfully.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	surge	surge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	rise	rise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
9	suddenly	suddenly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	powerfully	powerfully	ADV	RB	_	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surge** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | forward, move *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **rise** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | suddenly *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A power surge is a sudden jump in electricity that can damage machines.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:m4:1
# text = A power surge is a sudden jump in electricity that can damage machines.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	jump	jump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	electricity	electricity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
11	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	damage	damage	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	parataxis	_	_
13	machines	machine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a power surge | a sudden jump |  | electricity |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **damage** | can | that | machines |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent machine=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crowd surged towards the stage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x1:1
# text = The crowd surged towards the stage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	surged	surge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	stage	stage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surge** | past | the crowd |  |  |  |  | towards the stage | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A huge wave surged over the wall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x2:1
# text = A huge wave surged over the wall.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	wave	wave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	surged	surge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surge** | participle |  | a huge wave *not said here* |  | the wall |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over wall=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The storm surge flooded the streets by the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x3:1
# text = The storm surge flooded the streets by the sea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	flooded	flood	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	streets	street	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flood** | past | the storm surge | the streets |  |  |  | by the sea | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent street=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She felt a surge of excitement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x4:1
# text = She felt a surge of excitement.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	excitement	excitement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | She | a surge of excitement |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent surge=Theme |
| 2 | **surge** |  | excitement |  |  |  |  |  | nom surge «event intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was a surge in visitors at the zoo in the holidays.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x5:1
# text = There was a surge in visitors at the zoo in the holidays.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	visitors	visitor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	zoo	zoo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	holidays	holiday	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a surge in visitors at the zoo in the holidays |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A power surge broke our television.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x6:1
# text = A power surge broke our television.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	surge	surge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	television	television	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | past | a power surge | our television |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer television=Patient |
| 2 | **televise** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom television «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The river surged after the heavy rain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x7:1
# text = The river surged after the heavy rain.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	surged	surge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surge** | past | the river |  |  |  | after the heavy rain |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our team surged ahead in the second half.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x8:1
# text = Our team surged ahead in the second half.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	surged	surge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	ahead	ahead	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	amod	_	_
8	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surge** | past | Our team |  |  | the second half |  | ahead *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in half=Location |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From those dark-green surges there gaped at him monstrous and cavernous jaws; and round, wicked, red-rimmed, bulging eyes stared fixedly at the boat.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surge:x9:1
# text = From those dark-green surges there gaped at him monstrous and cavernous jaws; and round, wicked, red-rimmed, bulging eyes stared fixedly at the boat.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
2	those	that	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
3	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	surges	surge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
7	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	8	advmod	_	_
8	gaped	gape	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	_
11	monstrous	monstrous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	cavernous	cavernous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
14	jaws	jaw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	round	round	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	wicked	wicked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	rimmed	rim	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	bulging	bulge	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	27	conj	_	_
26	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	_
27	stared	stare	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
28	fixedly	fixedly	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
29	at	at	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gape** | past |  | monstrous jaws |  | that green surges; there |  | at him *= he* | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent jaw=Theme |
| 2 | **rim** | participle | wicked *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **bulge** | gerund | wicked *not said here* | eyes |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_modes\_being-47.2 «NP.location V NP»: agent=Location eye=Theme |
| 4 | **stare** | past | wicked |  |  |  |  | at the boat; fixedly *property* | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at boat=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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