---
title: surplus — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «surplus» in the school dictionary: A surplus is an amount that is more than what is needed, an extra amount left over. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# surplus

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** surplus, amount, budget surplus, farm, 52, shop · **What happens:** be, need, leave over, mean, not need, go out · **To what, where:** amount, extra amount, extra, surplus food, 500 kg, 350 kg

<!-- .vabout -->
«surplus» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [surplus in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/surplus.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A surplus is an amount that is more than what is needed, an extra amount left over.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:m1:1
# text = A surplus is an amount that is more than what is needed, an extra amount left over.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	than	than	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	obl	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	_
17	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
18	over	over	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a surplus | a amount |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | a amount |  |  |  |  | than a amount; more *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **need** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF» |
| 4 | **leave over** | participle |  | a extra amount *not said here* |  |  |  | over *property* | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Surplus means extra, not needed: «surplus food».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:m2:1
# text = Surplus means extra, not needed: «surplus food».
1	Surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	surplus	surplus	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Surplus | extra |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent extra=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **need** | participle |  | surplus food |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot food=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A budget surplus is when more money comes in than goes out.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:m3:1
# text = A budget surplus is when more money comes in than goes out.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	budget	budget	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
7	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
12	out	out	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a budget surplus |  |  |  |  | come *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **go out** | present | a budget surplus *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farm grew 500 kg of wheat and needed 350 kg, so there is a surplus.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:x1:1
# text = The farm grew 500 kg of wheat and needed 350 kg, so there is a surplus.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	kg	kg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	wheat	wheat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	needed	need	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	350	350	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	kg	kg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	so	so	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	15	expl	_	_
15	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | past | the farm | 500 kg of wheat |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location kg=Theme |
| 2 | **need** | past | the farm *not said here* | 350 kg |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot kg=Theme |
| 3 | **be** | present | a surplus |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
What is the surplus if 40 chairs are needed and there are 52?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:x2:1
# text = What is the surplus if 40 chairs are needed and there are 52?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	0	root	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nsubj	_	_
5	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	chairs	chair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	12	expl	_	_
12	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
13	52	52	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the surplus |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **need** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · passive | the surplus *not said here* | 40 chairs |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **be** | present | 52 |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shop sold its surplus apples cheaply.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:x3:1
# text = The shop sold its surplus apples cheaply.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sold	sell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	surplus	surplus	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	cheaply	cheaply	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | past | the shop | shop's surplus apples |  |  |  | cheaply *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent apple=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The surplus was 30 litres.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:x4:1
# text = The surplus was 30 litres.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	litres	litre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the surplus | 30 litres |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The school gave its surplus books to a library.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:x5:1
# text = The school gave its surplus books to a library.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the school | school's surplus books | a library |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent book=Theme to library=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A surplus of rain made the crops grow well.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:x6:1
# text = A surplus of rain made the crops grow well.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	crops	crop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
9	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | a surplus of rain |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | present | the crops |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The club had a surplus of 20 dollars after the trip.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:x7:1
# text = The club had a surplus of 20 dollars after the trip.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	surplus	surplus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	after	after	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the club | a surplus of 20 dollars after the trip |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent surplus=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Farmers traded their surplus grain for tools.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surplus:x8:1
# text = Farmers traded their surplus grain for tools.
1	Farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	traded	trade	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	surplus	surplus	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	grain	grain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	tools	tool	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **trade** | past | Farmers | Farmers's surplus grain |  |  |  | for tools | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent grain=Theme for tool=Co-Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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