---
title: surprise — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «surprise» in the school dictionary: A surprise is something you did not expect, such as a present or a sudden event. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# surprise

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** surprise, you, something, they, moment, We · **What happens:** be, not expect, have, happen, surprise, mean · **To what, where:** something, feeling, someone, them, surprise party, gift · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«surprise» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [surprise in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/surprise.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A surprise is something you did not expect, such as a present or a sudden event.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:m1:1
# text = A surprise is something you did not expect, such as a present or a sudden event.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	expect	expect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	13	case	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	present	present	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	event	event	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a surprise | something |  |  |  | such a present or a sudden event | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **expect** | past · do-support | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Surprise is the feeling you have when something unexpected happens.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:m2:1
# text = Surprise is the feeling you have when something unexpected happens.
1	Surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	feeling	feeling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nsubj	_	_
9	unexpected	unexpected	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
10	happens	happen	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Surprise | the feeling |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | you | the feeling *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **happen** | present | something |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To surprise someone means to do something they did not expect, often to make them happy.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:m3:1
# text = To surprise someone means to do something they did not expect, often to make them happy.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	surprise	surprise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
9	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	expect	expect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	often	often	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surprise** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **do** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 4 | **not** **expect** | past · do-support | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **make** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | them *= they* |  |  |  | happy, often *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A surprise party or gift is kept secret until the moment it is given.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:m4:1
# text = A surprise party or gift is kept secret until the moment it is given.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	gift	gift	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	secret	secret	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
9	until	until	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	moment	moment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present · passive |  | a surprise party or gift |  |  | moment | secret *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **give** | present · passive | the moment *not said here* | gift |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
What a lovely surprise! Thank you for the flowers.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* What a lovely surprise!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x1:1
# text = What a lovely surprise!
1	What	what	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	4	det:predet	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	lovely	lovely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Thank you for the flowers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x1:2
# text = Thank you for the flowers.
1	Thank	thank	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **thank** *speech: thank* | present |  |  | you |  |  | for the flowers | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent you=Theme for flower=Attribute |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We are planning a surprise party for Mum's birthday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x2:1
# text = We are planning a surprise party for Mum's birthday.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	planning	plan	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	Mum	Mum	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	birthday	birthday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **plan** | present · progressive | We | a surprise party |  |  |  | for Mum's birthday | vn intend-61.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent party=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To my surprise, the little seed grew into a huge sunflower.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x3:1
# text = To my surprise, the little seed grew into a huge sunflower.
1	To	to	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	seed	seed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	sunflower	sunflower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | past | the little seed |  |  |  |  | into a huge sunflower *result*; to my surprise | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into sunflower=Result |
| 2 | **surprise** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom surprise «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The snow in spring took everyone by surprise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x4:1
# text = The snow in spring took everyone by surprise.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	5	obj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the snow in spring |  | everyone |  |  | by surprise | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument everyone=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma surprised us by coming to visit without telling anyone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x5:1
# text = Grandma surprised us by coming to visit without telling anyone.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	surprised	surprise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	visit	visit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
8	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
10	anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surprise** | past | Grandma | us |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus we=Experiencer |
| 2 | **come** | gerund | Grandma *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **visit** | to-infinitive | Grandma *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund | Grandma *not said here* |  | anyone |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent anyone=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I was surprised to see a hedgehog in the garden.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x6:1
# text = I was surprised to see a hedgehog in the garden.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	surprised	surprised	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hedgehog	hedgehog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | I |  |  |  |  | surprised *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | a hedgehog |  | the garden |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer hedgehog=Stimulus |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The result of the experiment was surprising, so we tested it again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x7:1
# text = The result of the experiment was surprising, so we tested it again.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	result	result	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	surprising	surprising	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	tested	test	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	again	again	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the result of the experiment |  |  |  |  | surprising *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **test** | past | we | result |  |  | again |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 3 | **result** |  |  | the experiment |  |  |  |  | nom result «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't jump out to surprise someone on the stairs; they might fall.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x8:1
# text = Don't jump out to surprise someone on the stairs; they might fall.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	jump	jump	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	surprise	surprise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	stairs	stair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **jump out** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | out *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **surprise** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | someone |  | the stairs |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer |
| 3 | **fall** | might | stairs *= stair* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Jack uttered a cry of surprise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:surprise:x9:1
# text = Jack uttered a cry of surprise.
1	Jack	Jack	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	uttered	utter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	cry	cry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **utter** *speech: other* | past | Jack | a cry of surprise |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent cry=Topic |
| 2 | **cry** |  | surprise |  |  |  |  |  | nom cry «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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