---
title: sustained — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sustained» in the school dictionary: Sustained means kept going for a long time without stopping: sustained effort. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sustained

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** She, players, class, Food, rain, bridge · **What happens:** sustain, mean, keep, go, stop, be · **To what, where:** effort, injury, something, weight, broken arm, fall · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sustained» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sustained in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sustained.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sustained means kept going for a long time without stopping: sustained effort.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:m1:1
# text = Sustained means kept going for a long time without stopping: sustained effort.
1	Sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	stopping	stop	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
12	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
13	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sustain** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **keep** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **go** | gerund |  |  |  |  | time |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **stop** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 6 | **sustain** | participle |  | effort |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent effort=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To have sustained an injury is to have been hurt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:m2:1
# text = To have sustained an injury is to have been hurt.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	aux	_	_
3	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	injury	injury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
8	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	aux	_	_
9	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	hurt	hurt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sustain** | to-infinitive · perfect |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present · perfect · passive |  | a injury |  |  |  | hurt *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To sustain something is to keep it alive or going, or to hold up its weight.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:m3:1
# text = To sustain something is to keep it alive or going, or to hold up its weight.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	sustain	sustain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	alive	alive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	hold	hold	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
15	up	up	ADP	RP	_	14	compound:prt	_	_
16	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sustain** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | alive, keep *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **go** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **hold up** | to-infinitive |  | its weight |  |  |  |  | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot weight=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She sustained a broken arm in the fall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x1:1
# text = She sustained a broken arm in the fall.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sustain** | past | She | a broken arm |  | the fall |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent arm=Theme |
| 2 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The players sustained minor injuries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x2:1
# text = The players sustained minor injuries.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	players	player	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	minor	minor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	injuries	injury	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sustain** | past | the players | minor injuries |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent injury=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The class showed sustained effort all term.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x3:1
# text = The class showed sustained effort all term.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the class | sustained effort |  |  |  | all term *obl:unmarked* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent effort=Recipient |
| 2 | **sustain** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Food and water sustained them on the trip.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x4:1
# text = Food and water sustained them on the trip.
1	Food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sustain** | past | Food and water | them *= they* |  | the trip |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rain was heavy and sustained.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x5:1
# text = The rain was heavy and sustained.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the rain |  |  |  |  | heavy *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sustain** | participle | the rain *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bridge sustained no damage in the storm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x6:1
# text = The bridge sustained no damage in the storm.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	damage	damage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sustain** | past | the bridge | no damage |  | the storm |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent damage=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We did ten minutes of sustained silent reading.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x7:1
# text = We did ten minutes of sustained silent reading.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
7	silent	silent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	reading	reading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | We |  |  |  | minute |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **sustain** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sustained wind of 100 km/h blew down the fence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x8:1
# text = Sustained wind of 100 km/h blew down the fence.
1	Sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	100	100	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	km/h	km/h	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	blew	blow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	down	down	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	fence	fence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sustain** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **blow down** | past | Sustained wind of 100 km/h | the fence |  |  |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent fence=Patient |
| 3 | **wind** |  |  | 100 km/h |  |  |  |  | nom wind «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The flower in its color of flame seemed to receive its nourishment from the water, as a lamp is sustained by oil.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sustained:x9:1
# text = The flower in its color of flame seemed to receive its nourishment from the water, as a lamp is sustained by oil.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flower	flower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	color	color	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	flame	flame	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	seemed	seem	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	receive	receive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	nourishment	nourishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	lamp	lamp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	sustained	sustain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
22	by	by	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **seem** | past | the flower in flower's color of flame |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 2 | **receive** | to-infinitive | the flower in flower's color of flame *not said here* | flower's nourishment |  | the water |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent nourishment=Theme from water=Source |
| 3 | **sustain** | present · passive |  | a lamp |  |  |  | by oil | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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