---
title: swab — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «swab» in the school dictionary: A swab is a small piece of cotton wool, often on a stick, used to clean a wound or put on medicine. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# swab

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** swab, nurse, doctor, We, I, pirates · **What happens:** be, use, clean, put, take, test · **To what, where:** small piece, stick, wound, medicine, sample, nose · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«swab» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [swab in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/swab.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A swab is a small piece of cotton wool, often on a stick, used to clean a wound or put on medicine.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:m1:1
# text = A swab is a small piece of cotton wool, often on a stick, used to clean a wound or put on medicine.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	swab	swab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	cotton	cotton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	wool	wool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	often	often	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	clean	clean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	advcl	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	wound	wound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	put	put	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	conj	_	_
23	on	on	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a swab | a small piece and a stick |  |  |  | of cotton wool | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a stick *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **clean** | to-infinitive |  | a wound |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent wound=Patient |
| 4 | **put** | participle |  |  |  | medicine |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on medicine=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A swab is also a sample taken with such a stick from someone's nose, throat or mouth, so it can be tested for germs: a Covid swab.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:m2:1
# text = A swab is also a sample taken with such a stick from someone's nose, throat or mouth, so it can be tested for germs: a Covid swab.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	swab	swab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sample	sample	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	such	such	DET	PDT	PronType=Ind	11	det:predet	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	15	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	's	's	PART	POS	_	13	case	_	_
15	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	throat	throat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
21	so	so	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
23	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	tested	test	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
26	for	for	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	Covid	Covid	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	_
31	swab	swab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a swab | a sample |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **take** | participle |  | a sample *not said here* |  | someone's nose and throat or mouth |  | with such stick | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent from nose=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **test** | can · passive |  | swab |  |  |  | for germs and a Covid swab | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme for germ=Attribute |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To swab means to clean or wipe with a swab, or to take such a sample.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:m3:1
# text = To swab means to clean or wipe with a swab, or to take such a sample.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	swab	swab	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	clean	clean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	wipe	wipe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	swab	swab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
15	such	such	DET	PDT	PronType=Ind	17	det:predet	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	sample	sample	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swab** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **clean** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **wipe** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with a swab | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **take** | to-infinitive |  | such sample |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sample=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To swab the deck means to clean the floor of a ship with a mop.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:m4:1
# text = To swab the deck means to clean the floor of a ship with a mop.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	swab	swab	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	deck	deck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	clean	clean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	ccomp	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	mop	mop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swab** | to-infinitive |  | the deck |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent deck=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **clean** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | the floor of a ship with a mop |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent floor=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The nurse cleaned the cut with a swab.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:x1:1
# text = The nurse cleaned the cut with a swab.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	nurse	nurse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cleaned	clean	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cut	cut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	swab	swab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clean** | past | the nurse | the cut |  |  |  | with a swab | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent cut=Patient with swab=Instrument |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor took a swab from my throat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:x2:1
# text = The doctor took a swab from my throat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	swab	swab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	throat	throat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the doctor | a swab |  | my throat |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent swab=Theme from throat=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We did a swab test at home when I had a cough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:x3:1
# text = We did a swab test at home when I had a cough.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	swab	swab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	cough	cough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | We | a swab test |  | home |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent test=Eventuality |
| 2 | **have** | past | I | a cough |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cough=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pirates were made to swab the decks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:x4:1
# text = The pirates were made to swab the decks.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pirates	pirate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	swab	swab	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	decks	deck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past · passive |  | the pirates |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **swab** | to-infinitive | the pirates *not said here* | the decks |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent deck=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We swabbed the door handle and grew bacteria in a dish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:x5:1
# text = We swabbed the door handle and grew bacteria in a dish.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swabbed	swab	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	handle	handle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	dish	dish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swab** | past | We | the door handle |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent handle=Theme |
| 2 | **grow** | past | We *not said here* | bacteria |  | a dish |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bacterium=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use a cotton swab to dab on the cream.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:x6:1
# text = Use a cotton swab to dab on the cream.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	cotton	cotton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	swab	swab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	dab	dab	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | a cotton swab |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent swab=Patient |
| 2 | **dab** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  | the cream |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on cream=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Police can swab the inside of the cheek for DNA.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:swab:x7:1
# text = Police can swab the inside of the cheek for DNA.
1	Police	police	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	swab	swab	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	inside	inside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cheek	cheek	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	DNA	DNA	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swab** | can | Police | the inside of the cheek for DNA |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent inside=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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