---
title: sworn — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sworn» in the school dictionary: Sworn is the past participle of «swear»: «I have sworn to keep the secret». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sworn

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** past participle, I, Sworn enemies, He, Cats, witness · **What happens:** swear, keep, mean, make, give, promise · **To what, where:** secret, sworn statement, truth, enemies, rude words, referee · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sworn» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sworn in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sworn.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sworn is the past participle of «swear»: «I have sworn to keep the secret».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:m1:1
# text = Sworn is the past participle of «swear»: «I have sworn to keep the secret».
1	Sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	aux:pass	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl:agent	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	swear	swear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | present · passive | the past participle of swear |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **swear** *in a quote* | present · perfect | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **keep** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | the secret |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent secret=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sworn means made with a serious promise: a sworn statement or sworn evidence is given after promising to tell the truth.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:m2:1
# text = Sworn means made with a serious promise: a sworn statement or sworn evidence is given after promising to tell the truth.
1	Sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	promise	promise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	statement	statement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
17	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
18	promising	promise	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	advcl	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with a serious promise | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 4 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **give** | present · passive |  | a sworn statement or sworn evidence |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 7 | **promise** *speech: promise* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 8 | **tell** *speech: assert* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | the truth |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sworn enemies or sworn friends are completely and permanently enemies or friends.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:m3:1
# text = Sworn enemies or sworn friends are completely and permanently enemies or friends.
1	Sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	completely	completely	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	permanently	permanently	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | Sworn enemies or sworn friends | enemies or friends |  |  |  | completely, permanently *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sworn can also come from «swear» meaning to use rude words: «He has sworn at the referee».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:m4:1
# text = Sworn can also come from «swear» meaning to use rude words: «He has sworn at the referee».
1	Sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
17	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
19	at	at	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	referee	referee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **come** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **swear** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **mean** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **use** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | rude words |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient |
| 6 | **swear** *in a quote* | present · perfect | He |  |  | the referee |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The knights had sworn to protect the queen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:x1:1
# text = The knights had sworn to protect the queen.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	queen	queen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | past · perfect · passive |  | the knights |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 2 | **protect** | to-infinitive |  |  | the queen |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent queen=Beneficiary |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I was sworn to secrecy about the surprise party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:x2:1
# text = I was sworn to secrecy about the surprise party.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	secrecy	secrecy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | past · passive |  | I |  |  |  | to secrecy about the surprise party | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cats and dogs in cartoons are often sworn enemies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:x3:1
# text = Cats and dogs in cartoons are often sworn enemies.
1	Cats	cat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	cartoons	cartoon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	often	often	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Cats in cartoons and dogs | sworn enemies |  |  |  | often *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new president was sworn in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:x4:1
# text = The new president was sworn in.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	president	president	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear in** | past · passive |  | the new president |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The witness gave sworn evidence in court.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:x5:1
# text = The witness gave sworn evidence in court.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the witness | sworn evidence |  | court |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Theme |
| 2 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He has sworn never to eat sprouts again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:x6:1
# text = He has sworn never to eat sprouts again.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
7	sprouts	sprout	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	again	again	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | present · perfect | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **eat** | to-infinitive | He *not said here* | sprouts |  |  | again |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sprout=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The player was sent off after he had sworn at the referee.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:x7:1
# text = The player was sent off after he had sworn at the referee.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	off	off	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	referee	referee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send off** | past · passive |  | the player |  |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **swear** | past · perfect | he |  |  | the referee |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"He is the sworn foe of Dragons," said the Chancellor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sworn:x8:1
# text = "He is the sworn foe of Dragons," said the Chancellor.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	foe	foe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Dragons	dragon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
11	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Chancellor	Chancellor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | He | the sworn foe |  |  |  | of Dragons | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Chancellor |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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