---
title: tarmac — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «tarmac» in the school dictionary: Tarmac is a hard black material for road and path surfaces, made of crushed stones mixed with tar. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# tarmac

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Tarmac, planes, Workers, plane, dogs, He · **What happens:** be, make, crush, mix, mean, park · **To what, where:** hard black material, crushed stones, area, playground, new tarmac, road

<!-- .vabout -->
«tarmac» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [tarmac in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/tarmac.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tarmac is a hard black material for road and path surfaces, made of crushed stones mixed with tar.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tarmac:m1:1
# text = Tarmac is a hard black material for road and path surfaces, made of crushed stones mixed with tar.
1	Tarmac	tarmac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	crushed	crush	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
17	mixed	mix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	tar	tar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Tarmac | a hard black material |  |  |  | for road and path surfaces | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a hard black material *not said here* |  |  |  | of crushed stones | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **crush** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **mix** | participle |  | crushed stones *not said here* |  |  |  | with tar | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient with tar=Co-Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«The tarmac» often means the area of an airport where planes park and take off.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tarmac:m2:1
# text = «The tarmac» often means the area of an airport where planes park and take off.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	tarmac	tarmac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	often	often	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	airport	airport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	14	advmod	_	_
13	planes	plane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	park	park	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	take	take	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
17	off	off	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the tarmac | the area of a airport |  |  |  | often *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent area=Topic |
| 2 | **park** | present | planes |  |  |  |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **take off** | present | planes *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The playground is covered in tarmac.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tarmac:x1:1
# text = The playground is covered in tarmac.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	playground	playground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	tarmac	tarmac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present · passive |  | the playground |  |  |  | in tarmac | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in tarmac=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Workers laid new tarmac on our road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tarmac:x2:1
# text = Workers laid new tarmac on our road.
1	Workers	worker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	laid	lay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	tarmac	tarmac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lay** | past | Workers | new tarmac |  | our road |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent tarmac=Theme on road=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The plane sat on the tarmac for an hour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tarmac:x3:1
# text = The plane sat on the tarmac for an hour.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tarmac	tarmac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | the plane |  |  | the tarmac | hour |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on tarmac=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tarmac gets very hot in summer, so dogs shouldn't walk on it at midday.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tarmac:x4:1
# text = Tarmac gets very hot in summer, so dogs shouldn't walk on it at midday.
1	Tarmac	tarmac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
9	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
10	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obl	_	_
15	at	at	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	midday	midday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Tarmac |  |  |  |  | hot *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **not** **walk** | should | dogs |  |  | Tarmac |  | at midday | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on it=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He grazed his knee on the tarmac.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tarmac:x5:1
# text = He grazed his knee on the tarmac.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grazed	graze	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	tarmac	tarmac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **graze** | past | He | his knee |  |  |  | on the tarmac | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP PP.theme PP.instrument»: agent=Agent knee=Experiencer on tarmac=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rain made the tarmac shiny and slippery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tarmac:x6:1
# text = The rain made the tarmac shiny and slippery.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tarmac	tarmac	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	slippery	slippery	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the rain | the tarmac |  |  |  | shiny *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset tarmac=Product |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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