---
title: testament — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «testament» in the school dictionary: The Old Testament and the New Testament are the two main parts of the Christian Bible: the Old Testament has the Hebrew scriptures, and the New Testament tells of Jesus and the early Church. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# testament

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Old Testament, New Testament, testament, bridge, their, ark · **What happens:** be, have, tell, work, begin, stand · **To what, where:** two main parts, Hebrew scriptures, clear proof, testament, story, Old Testament · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«testament» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [testament in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/testament.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Bible — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Old Testament and the New Testament are the two main parts of the Christian Bible: the Old Testament has the Hebrew scriptures, and the New Testament tells of Jesus and the early Church.

<!-- fold The tree, 34 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:m1:1
# text = The Old Testament and the New Testament are the two main parts of the Christian Bible: the Old Testament has the Hebrew scriptures, and the New Testament tells of Jesus and the early Church.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
11	main	main	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	Christian	Christian	PROPN	NNP	_	16	flat	_	_
16	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
21	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	parataxis	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	Hebrew	hebrew	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	scriptures	scripture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
30	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Jesus	Jesus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
35	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	Church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Old Testament and the New Testament | the two main parts |  |  |  | of the Christian Bible | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | the Old Testament | the Hebrew scriptures |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scripture=Patient |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | the New Testament |  |  |  |  | of Jesus and the early Church | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A testament to something is clear proof of it: «The bridge is a testament to their hard work».

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:m2:1
# text = A testament to something is clear proof of it: «The bridge is a testament to their hard work».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
19	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a testament to something | clear proof |  |  |  | of proof | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | the bridge | a testament |  |  |  | to their hard work | tree rules |
| 3 | **work** *in a quote* |  | their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A will, especially in the phrase «last will and testament».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:m3:1
# text = A will, especially in the phrase «last will and testament».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
2	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
10	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Noah's ark is a story from the Old Testament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:x1:1
# text = Noah's ark is a story from the Old Testament.
1	Noah	Noah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	ark	ark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Noah's ark | a story |  | the Old Testament |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The New Testament begins with the four Gospels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:x2:1
# text = The New Testament begins with the four Gospels.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	begins	begin	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	Gospels	Gospel	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | present | the New Testament |  |  |  |  | with the four Gospels | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with gospel=Subeventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her medal is a testament to years of practice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:x3:1
# text = Her medal is a testament to years of practice.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	medal	medal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Her medal | a testament |  |  | year |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old castle stands as a testament to the builders' skill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:x4:1
# text = The old castle stands as a testament to the builders' skill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stands	stand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	builders	builder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	'	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present | the old castle |  |  |  |  | as a testament; to the builders's skill | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad wrote his last will and testament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:x5:1
# text = Grandad wrote his last will and testament.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | Grandad | Grandad's last testament |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent testament=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Jews call their holy book the Tanakh, which Christians call the Old Testament.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:x6:1
# text = Jews call their holy book the Tanakh, which Christians call the Old Testament.
1	Jews	Jew	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	holy	holy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Tanakh	Tanakh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	obj	_	_
10	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** *speech: assert* | present | Jews | Jews's holy book |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent book=Recipient |
| 2 | **call** | present | Christians | the Tanakh |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme testament=Result |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class read a parable from the New Testament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:x7:1
# text = Our class read a parable from the New Testament.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	parable	parable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | past | Our class | a parable |  | the New Testament |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent parable=Topic from testament=Source |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then she would read in the Old Testament, that treasure and comfort to her people, and it was indeed the only Scriptures she could read.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:testament:x8:1
# text = Then she would read in the Old Testament, that treasure and comfort to her people, and it was indeed the only Scriptures she could read.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	treasure	treasure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	comfort	comfort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
21	indeed	indeed	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	Scriptures	Scripture	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
25	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
26	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | would | she |  |  | the Old Testament | then |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | comfort | the only Scriptures |  |  |  | indeed *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **read** | could | the only Scriptures |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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