---
title: text — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «text» in the school dictionary: Text is written words, like the words in a book or on a screen. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# text

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Text, you, Mum, Instructions, your, sister · **What happens:** write, be, read, send, text, mean · **To what, where:** written words, piece, instructions, class, short written message, one phone · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«text» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [text in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/text.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Text is written words, like the words in a book or on a screen.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:m1:1
# text = Text is written words, like the words in a book or on a screen.
1	Text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	appos	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	screen	screen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Text | written words |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A text is a piece of writing, like a story, poem, article or set of instructions you read in class.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:m2:1
# text = A text is a piece of writing, like a story, poem, article or set of instructions you read in class.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	article	article	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	set	set	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	instructions	instruction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	_
20	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	read	read	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	acl:relcl	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a text | a piece and a story and poem |  |  |  | of writing | tree rules |
| 2 | **read** | present | you | instructions *not said here* |  | class |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent instruction=Topic |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A text (text message) is a short written message sent from one phone to another.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:m3:1
# text = A text (text message) is a short written message sent from one phone to another.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	message	message	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	message	message	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a text | a short written message |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **send** | participle |  | a short written message *not said here* |  | one phone |  | to another | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent from phone=Initial\_Location to another=Destination |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To text someone means to send them a text message.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:m4:1
# text = To text someone means to send them a text message.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	text	text	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	send	send	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	message	message	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **text** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **send** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent they=Destination message=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Read the text and answer the questions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x1:1
# text = Read the text and answer the questions.
1	Read	read	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	answer	answer	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | imperative | you *not said here* | the text |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent text=Topic |
| 2 | **answer** *speech: assert* | infinitive | you *not said here* | the questions |  |  |  |  | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent question=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Underline the adjectives in the text.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x2:1
# text = Underline the adjectives in the text.
1	Underline	underline	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adjectives	adjective	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **underline** | imperative | you *not said here* | the adjectives |  | the text |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent adjective=Theme in text=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum sent me a text to say she was running late.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x3:1
# text = Mum sent me a text to say she was running late.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	ccomp	_	_
11	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | Mum | a text | me |  |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Destination text=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | Mum *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **run** | past · progressive | Mum |  |  |  |  | late *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Can you text me when you get home?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x4:1
# text = Can you text me when you get home?
1	Can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	text	text	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	home	home	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **text** | can | you | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | present | you |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The text on the screen was too small to read.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x5:1
# text = The text on the screen was too small to read.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	screen	screen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	too	too	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the text on the screen |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **read** | to-infinitive | the text on the screen *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Instructions are a non-fiction text type.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x6:1
# text = Instructions are a non-fiction text type.
1	Instructions	instruction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	non-fiction	non-fiction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	type	type	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Instructions | a text type |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Find evidence in the text to support your answer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x7:1
# text = Find evidence in the text to support your answer.
1	Find	find	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	support	support	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | imperative | you *not said here* | evidence |  | the text |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Topic |
| 2 | **support** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | your answer |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer answer=Stimulus |
| 3 | **answer** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom answer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never reply to texts from strangers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x8:1
# text = Never reply to texts from strangers.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	reply	reply	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	texts	text	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	strangers	stranger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **reply** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | strangers |  | to texts | vn respond-113 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to text=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My sister texted her friend all evening.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x9:1
# text = My sister texted her friend all evening.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	texted	text	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **text** | past | My sister | sister's friend |  |  | evening |  | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There are a few Greek words in this text.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:text:x10:1
# text = There are a few Greek words in this text.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	Greek	Greek	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | a few Greek words in this text |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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