---
title: thrush — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «thrush» in the school dictionary: A songbird with a brown back and a spotted chest, such as the song thrush; the American robin is also a thrush. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# thrush

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** American robin, infection, song thrush, thrush, baby, doctor · **What happens:** spot, be, cause, make, sing, crack · **To what, where:** thrush, infection, white patches, mouth, garden, snail shell

<!-- .vabout -->
«thrush» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [thrush in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/thrush.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A songbird with a brown back and a spotted chest, such as the song thrush; the American robin is also a thrush.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:m1:1
# text = A songbird with a brown back and a spotted chest, such as the song thrush; the American robin is also a thrush.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	songbird	songbird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	spotted	spot	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	chest	chest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	16	case	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	thrush	thrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	24	punct	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	robin	robin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
21	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
22	also	also	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	thrush	thrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spot** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the American robin | a thrush |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An infection caused by a yeast (a fungus), which makes white patches in the mouth or itching.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:m2:1
# text = An infection caused by a yeast (a fungus), which makes white patches in the mouth or itching.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	infection	infection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	yeast	yeast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	fungus	fungus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	patches	patch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	itching	itching	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  | a infection *not said here* |  |  |  | by a yeast | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **make** | present | a infection | white patches |  | the mouth or itching |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset patch=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A song thrush was singing in the garden at dawn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:x1:1
# text = A song thrush was singing in the garden at dawn.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	thrush	thrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	singing	sing	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	dawn	dawn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past · progressive | a song thrush |  |  | the garden | dawn |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in garden=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The thrush cracked a snail shell on a stone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:x2:1
# text = The thrush cracked a snail shell on a stone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	thrush	thrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cracked	crack	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	snail	snail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	shell	shell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crack** | past | the thrush | a snail shell |  | a stone |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location shell=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thrushes have speckled chests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:x3:1
# text = Thrushes have speckled chests.
1	Thrushes	thrush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	speckled	speckle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	chests	chest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speckle** | present · perfect · passive |  | Thrushes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The American robin is actually a kind of thrush.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:x4:1
# text = The American robin is actually a kind of thrush.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	robin	robin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	actually	actually	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	thrush	thrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the American robin | a kind |  |  |  | of thrush; actually *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The baby had thrush, so the doctor gave some medicine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:x5:1
# text = The baby had thrush, so the doctor gave some medicine.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	thrush	thrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
10	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
11	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the baby | thrush |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thrush=Patient |
| 2 | **give** | past | the doctor | some medicine |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent medicine=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw a mistle thrush eating berries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:x6:1
# text = We saw a mistle thrush eating berries.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	mistle	mistle	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	thrush	thrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | a mistle thrush |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer thrush=Stimulus |
| 2 | **eat** | gerund | a mistle thrush *not said here* | berries |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent berry=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blackbird, thrush, and chaffinch gay, hither, thither, haste away!

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:thrush:x7:1
# text = Blackbird, thrush, and chaffinch gay, hither, thither, haste away!
1	Blackbird	blackbird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	thrush	thrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	chaffinch	chaffinch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	gay	gay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	hither	hither	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	thither	thither	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	haste	haste	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	conj	_	_
14	away	away	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **haste away** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | away *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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