---
title: timekeeping — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «timekeeping» in the school dictionary: Being on time, arriving and finishing when you should. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# timekeeping

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Being, clock, timekeeping, he, teacher, Sundials · **What happens:** be, arrive, finish, measure, record, keep · **To what, where:** race, us, Timekeeping, early form, train, 10:15 · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«timekeeping» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [timekeeping in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/timekeeping.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Being on time, arriving and finishing when you should.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:m1:1
# text = Being on time, arriving and finishing when you should.
1	Being	be	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	arriving	arrive	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	finishing	finish	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
8	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | gerund |  |  |  |  | time |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **arrive** | gerund | Being |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **finish** | gerund | Being *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Measuring and recording time, for example in a race or a game.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:m2:1
# text = Measuring and recording time, for example in a race or a game.
1	Measuring	measure	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	recording	record	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
4	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** | gerund |  |  |  | a race or a game |  | for example | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **record** | gerund |  |  |  |  | time |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How well a clock or watch keeps the right time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:m3:1
# text = How well a clock or watch keeps the right time.
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	clock	clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	watch	watch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | a clock or watch |  |  |  | time | well *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His timekeeping is excellent; he is never late.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:x1:1
# text = His timekeeping is excellent; he is never late.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	timekeeping	timekeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	excellent	excellent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | His timekeeping |  |  |  |  | excellent *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | he |  |  |  |  | late *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher spoke to us about poor timekeeping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:x2:1
# text = The teacher spoke to us about poor timekeeping.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	timekeeping	timekeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the teacher |  | us |  |  | about poor timekeeping | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent PP.topic»: agent=Agent to we=Co-Agent about timekeeping=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Timekeeping at the swimming gala was done with stopwatches.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:x3:1
# text = Timekeeping at the swimming gala was done with stopwatches.
1	Timekeeping	timekeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	swimming	swimming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	gala	gala	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	stopwatches	stopwatch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past · passive |  | Timekeeping at the swimming gala |  |  |  | with stopwatches | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sundials were an early form of timekeeping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:x4:1
# text = Sundials were an early form of timekeeping.
1	Sundials	sundial	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	timekeeping	timekeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Sundials | a early form |  |  |  | of timekeeping | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Good timekeeping matters when you have a train to catch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:x5:1
# text = Good timekeeping matters when you have a train to catch.
1	Good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	timekeeping	timekeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	matters	matter	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	catch	catch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **matter** | present | Good timekeeping |  |  |  |  |  | vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **have** | present | you | a train |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent train=Patient |
| 3 | **catch** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | a train *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A race starting at 10:15 and ending at 10:52 lasted 37 minutes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:timekeeping:x6:1
# text = A race starting at 10:15 and ending at 10:52 lasted 37 minutes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	starting	start	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	10:15	10:15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	ending	end	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	conj	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	10:52	10:52	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	obl	_	_
10	lasted	last	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	37	37	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **start** | gerund | a race *not said here* |  |  | 10:15 |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **end** | gerund | a race *not said here* |  |  | 10:52 |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 3 | **last** | past | a race |  |  |  | minute |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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