---
title: toast — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «toast» in the school dictionary: Toast is bread whose sides have been made brown and crisp by heating. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# toast

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** heating, toast, someone, I, Dad, Beans · **What happens:** be, make, wish, drink, have, slice · **To what, where:** Toast bread, someone happiness, glasses, two slices, toast, bread

<!-- .vabout -->
«toast» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [toast in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/toast.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toast is bread whose sides have been made brown and crisp by heating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:m1:1
# text = Toast is bread whose sides have been made brown and crisp by heating.
1	Toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	crisp	crisp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	heating	heating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | Toast bread |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present · perfect · passive | heating | Toast bread |  |  |  | brown *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To toast bread or other food is to brown it with heat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:m2:1
# text = To toast bread or other food is to brown it with heat.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
2	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	advcl	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	brown	brown	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | with heat; brown *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A toast is when people lift their glasses and drink to wish someone happiness or success.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:m3:1
# text = A toast is when people lift their glasses and drink to wish someone happiness or success.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	lift	lift	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	glasses	glass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	drink	drink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	wish	wish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
13	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	compound	_	_
14	happiness	happiness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	success	success	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a toast |  |  |  |  | lift *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **wish** | to-infinitive | a toast *not said here* | someone happiness or success |  |  |  |  | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot happiness=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To toast someone is to raise glasses and drink to them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:m4:1
# text = To toast someone is to raise glasses and drink to them.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	raise	raise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	glasses	glass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	drink	drink	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | someone |  |  |  |  | raise *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **drink** | infinitive | someone *not said here* |  | glasses *= glass* |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To toast yourself is to warm yourself by a fire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:m5:1
# text = To toast yourself is to warm yourself by a fire.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	yourself	yourself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	nmod	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	warm	warm	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	yourself	yourself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	6	obj	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | toast  yourself |  |  |  |  | by a fire; warm *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I had two slices of toast for breakfast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x1:1
# text = I had two slices of toast for breakfast.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	slices	slice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	breakfast	breakfast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | I | two slices of toast for breakfast |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent slice=Patient |
| 2 | **slice** |  |  | toast for breakfast |  |  |  |  | nom slice «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad toasted the bread under the grill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x2:1
# text = Dad toasted the bread under the grill.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	toasted	toast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	under	under	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	grill	grill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toast** | past | Dad | the bread |  | the grill |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent bread=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Beans on toast is a quick dinner.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x3:1
# text = Beans on toast is a quick dinner.
1	Beans	bean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	quick	quick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	dinner	dinner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Beans on toast | a quick dinner |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never put a knife in the toaster.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x4:1
# text = Never put a knife in the toaster.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	knife	knife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	toaster	toaster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | a knife |  | the toaster |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent knife=Theme in toaster=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Everyone raised a glass and made a toast to Grandma.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x5:1
# text = Everyone raised a glass and made a toast to Grandma.
1	Everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	2	nsubj	_	_
2	raised	raise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Grandma	Grandma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **raise** | past | Everyone | a glass |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glass=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | past | Everyone *not said here* | a toast | Grandma |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset toast=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We toasted marshmallows over the campfire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x6:1
# text = We toasted marshmallows over the campfire.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	toasted	toast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	marshmallows	marshmallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	campfire	campfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toast** | past | We | marshmallows |  | the campfire |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent marshmallow=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toasting bread is a change you cannot reverse.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x7:1
# text = Toasting bread is a change you cannot reverse.
1	Toasting	toast	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	reverse	reverse	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toast** | gerund |  | bread |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent bread=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Toasting | a change |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **reverse** | can | you | a change *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent change=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We sat by the fire, warm as toast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x8:1
# text = We sat by the fire, warm as toast.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | We |  |  |  |  | by the fire | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by fire=Location |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Babette clinked glasses with Rudy, and he returned thanks for the toast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toast:x9:1
# text = Babette clinked glasses with Rudy, and he returned thanks for the toast.
1	Babette	Babette	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	clinked	clink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	glasses	glass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Rudy	Rudy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	returned	return	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	thanks	thanks	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clink** | past | Babette | glasses |  |  |  | with Rudy | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location glass=Theme |
| 2 | **return** | past | Babette | thanks |  |  |  | for the toast | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thanks=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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