---
title: toby — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «toby» in the school dictionary: Toby is a boy's name. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# toby

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Toby, toby jug, fat jolly man, puppet, Nan · **What happens:** be, shape, wear, corner, show, call · **To what, where:** name, fashioned china jug, mug, cornered hat, traditional name, Punch · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«toby» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [toby in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/toby.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toby is a boy's name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:m1:1
# text = Toby is a boy's name.
1	Toby	Toby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Toby | a boy's name |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A toby jug is an old-fashioned china jug or mug shaped like a fat, jolly man wearing a three-cornered hat.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:m2:1
# text = A toby jug is an old-fashioned china jug or mug shaped like a fat, jolly man wearing a three-cornered hat.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	toby	toby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	jug	jug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	china	china	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	jug	jug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	mug	mug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
16	fat	fat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
18	jolly	jolly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
20	wearing	wear	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	19	acl	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
22	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	24	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	cornered	corner	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	amod	_	_
25	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a toby jug | a fashioned china jug or mug |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **shape** | participle |  | mug *not said here* |  |  |  | like a fat jolly man | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **wear** | gerund | a fat jolly man *not said here* | a cornered hat |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hat=Theme |
| 4 | **corner** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toby is the traditional name of the dog in Punch and Judy puppet shows.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:m3:1
# text = Toby is the traditional name of the dog in Punch and Judy puppet shows.
1	Toby	Toby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	traditional	traditional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Punch	Punch	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	Judy	Judy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	puppet	puppet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Toby | the traditional name |  |  |  | of the dog in Punch and Judy | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | present | puppet | Punch and Judy *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent punch=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toby is the new boy in our class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:x1:1
# text = Toby is the new boy in our class.
1	Toby	Toby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Toby | the new boy |  | our class |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our dog is called Toby.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:x2:1
# text = Our dog is called Toby.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	Toby	Toby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | Our dog |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nan has a toby jug on the shelf.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:x3:1
# text = Nan has a toby jug on the shelf.
1	Nan	Nan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	toby	toby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	jug	jug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Nan | a toby jug |  | the shelf |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent jug=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The toby jug looks like a smiling old man in a hat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:x4:1
# text = The toby jug looks like a smiling old man in a hat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	toby	toby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	jug	jug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	smiling	smile	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	amod	_	_
8	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | the toby jug |  |  |  |  | like a smiling old man in a hat | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **smile** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toby has 6 marbles and wins 4 more, so he has 10.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:x5:1
# text = Toby has 6 marbles and wins 4 more, so he has 10.
1	Toby	Toby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	marbles	marble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	wins	win	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
13	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Toby | 6 marbles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent marble=Patient |
| 2 | **win** | present | Toby *not said here* | 4 more |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Eventuality |
| 3 | **have** | present | Toby | 10 |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 10=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the Punch and Judy show, Toby is the dog.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toby:x6:1
# text = In the Punch and Judy show, Toby is the dog.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Punch	punch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	Judy	Judy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	Toby	Toby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present |  |  |  | the Punch and Judy |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Toby | the dog |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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