---
title: toenail — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «toenail» in the school dictionary: The hard, thin, flat covering on the top of the end of each toe, like a fingernail but on your foot. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# toenail

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** I, Mum, you, toenails, big toenail, She · **What happens:** cover, have, cut, not hurt, go, drop · **To what, where:** top, ten toenails, toenails, brick, toenail, adult · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«toenail» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [toenail in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/toenail.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hard, thin, flat covering on the top of the end of each toe, like a fingernail but on your foot.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:m1:1
# text = The hard, thin, flat covering on the top of the end of each toe, like a fingernail but on your foot.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
2	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
7	covering	cover	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	csubj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	16	det	_	_
16	toe	toe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	fingernail	fingernail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
21	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	on	on	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | gerund |  |  |  | the top of the end of each toe |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I have ten toenails, one on each toe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:x1:1
# text = I have ten toenails, one on each toe.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	toenails	toenail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	appos	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	toe	toe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | I | ten toenails |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toenail=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum cut my toenails after my bath.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:x2:1
# text = Mum cut my toenails after my bath.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cut	cut	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	toenails	toenail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	bath	bath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | past | Mum | my toenails |  |  | after my bath |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toenail=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cut toenails straight across so they do not hurt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:x3:1
# text = Cut toenails straight across so they do not hurt.
1	Cut	cut	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	toenails	toenail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	across	across	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
5	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	hurt	hurt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | imperative | you *not said here* | toenails |  |  |  | across *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset toenail=Product |
| 2 | **not** **hurt** | present · do-support | toenails *= toenail* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My big toenail went black when I dropped a brick on it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:x4:1
# text = My big toenail went black when I dropped a brick on it.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	toenail	toenail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	dropped	drop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	brick	brick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | My big toenail |  |  |  |  | black *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **drop** | past | I | a brick |  | toenail |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent brick=Theme on it=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toenails grow more slowly than fingernails.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:x5:1
# text = Toenails grow more slowly than fingernails.
1	Toenails	toenail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	fingernails	fingernail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Toenails |  |  |  |  | than fingernails; slowly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She painted her toenails pink for the party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:x6:1
# text = She painted her toenails pink for the party.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	painted	paint	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	toenails	toenail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	pink	pink	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | past | She | her toenails |  |  |  | for the party; pink *property* | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent toenail=Result for party=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cat's claws are like very sharp toenails.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:x7:1
# text = The cat's claws are like very sharp toenails.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	claws	claw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	toenails	toenail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the cat's claws |  |  |  |  | like sharp toenails | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An ingrown toenail can be sore, so tell an adult.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toenail:x8:1
# text = An ingrown toenail can be sore, so tell an adult.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	ingrown	ingrown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	toenail	toenail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	sore	sore	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	adult	adult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | a ingrown toenail |  |  |  |  | sore *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | infinitive | a ingrown toenail *not said here* |  | a adult |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent adult=Recipient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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