---
title: toffee — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «toffee» in the school dictionary: A hard or chewy brown sweet made by boiling sugar and butter. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# toffee

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**Who acts:** Grandma, I, Chewy toffee, He, sugar · **What happens:** make, boil, buy, sell, pull out, not sing · **To what, where:** hard brown sweet, sugar, sticky toffee pudding, bag, Toffee apples, fair

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«toffee» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [toffee in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/toffee.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hard or chewy brown sweet made by boiling sugar and butter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:m1:1
# text = A hard or chewy brown sweet made by boiling sugar and butter.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
2	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	chewy	chewy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	sweet	sweet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	boiling	boil	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
10	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	butter	butter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a hard brown sweet *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **boil** | gerund |  | sugar and butter |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sugar=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A single sweet of this kind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:m2:1
# text = A single sweet of this kind.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	sweet	sweet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"a toffee".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:m2e:1
# text = "a toffee".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	toffee	toffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma made sticky toffee pudding.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:x1:1
# text = Grandma made sticky toffee pudding.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sticky	sticky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	toffee	toffee	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	pudding	pudding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Grandma | sticky toffee pudding |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pudding=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I bought a bag of toffees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:x2:1
# text = I bought a bag of toffees.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bought	buy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	toffees	toffee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | past | I | a bag of toffees |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toffee apples are sold at the fair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:x3:1
# text = Toffee apples are sold at the fair.
1	Toffee	toffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	sold	sell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fair	fair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | present · passive |  | Toffee apples |  | the fair |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.asset»: subject=Theme at fair=Asset |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chewy toffee can pull out loose teeth!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:x4:1
# text = Chewy toffee can pull out loose teeth!
1	Chewy	chewy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	toffee	toffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	pull	pull	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	out	out	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	loose	loose	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull out** | can | Chewy toffee | loose teeth |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He can't sing for toffee.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:x5:1
# text = He can't sing for toffee.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	sing	sing	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	toffee	toffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **sing** *speech: express* | can | He |  |  |  |  | for toffee | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient S\_INF»: agent=Agent for toffee=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sugar turned into golden toffee.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toffee:x6:1
# text = The sugar turned into golden toffee.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	golden	golden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	toffee	toffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | past | the sugar |  |  | golden toffee |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into toffee=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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