---
title: toll — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «toll» in the school dictionary: A toll is money you must pay to use a road, bridge or tunnel. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# toll

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** toll, you, free number, We, toll booth, death toll · **What happens:** be, pay, use, kill, hurt, toll · **To what, where:** money, road, number, people, disaster, toll · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«toll» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [toll in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/toll.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A toll is money you must pay to use a road, bridge or tunnel.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:m1:1
# text = A toll is money you must pay to use a road, bridge or tunnel.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	tunnel	tunnel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a toll | money |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pay** | must | you | money *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset |
| 3 | **use** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | a road and bridge or tunnel |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The toll of a disaster is the number of people killed or hurt, as in «the death toll».

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:m2:1
# text = The toll of a disaster is the number of people killed or hurt, as in «the death toll».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	disaster	disaster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	hurt	hurt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
15	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the toll of a disaster | the number |  |  |  | of people | tree rules |
| 2 | **kill** | participle |  | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **hurt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **toll** |  |  | a disaster |  |  |  |  | nom toll «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To take a toll (on) means to cause damage, harm or tiredness over time.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:m3:1
# text = To take a toll (on) means to cause damage, harm or tiredness over time.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	8	nsubj	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	damage	damage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	harm	harm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	tiredness	tiredness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
16	over	over	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | to-infinitive |  | a toll |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toll=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **cause** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | damage and harm or tiredness |  |  | time |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition damage=Patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To toll means for a large bell to ring slowly again and again, often for a death.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:m4:1
# text = To toll means for a large bell to ring slowly again and again, often for a death.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	toll	toll	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	bell	bell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	ring	ring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
10	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	again	again	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	again	again	ADV	RB	_	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	often	often	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toll** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | for a large bell | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **ring** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | again | for a death; slowly *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A toll-free number is a phone number you can call without paying.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:m5:1
# text = A toll-free number is a phone number you can call without paying.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	call	call	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	parataxis	_	_
13	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
14	paying	pay	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a free number | a phone number |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **call** | can | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **pay** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We paid a toll to cross the bridge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:x1:1
# text = We paid a toll to cross the bridge.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	paid	pay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	cross	cross	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | past | We | a toll |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toll=Asset |
| 2 | **cross** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | the bridge |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bridge=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The toll booth had a long queue.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:x2:1
# text = The toll booth had a long queue.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	booth	booth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	queue	queue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the toll booth | a long queue |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent queue=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The flood's death toll was sadly high.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:x3:1
# text = The flood's death toll was sadly high.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	sadly	sadly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the flood's death toll |  |  |  |  | high, sadly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **toll** |  | the flood |  |  |  |  |  | nom toll «possession transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Late nights took their toll on Dad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:x4:1
# text = Late nights took their toll on Dad.
1	Late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	nights	night	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Dad	Dad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | Late nights | their toll |  |  |  | on Dad | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent toll=Theme on dad=Destination |
| 2 | **toll** |  | their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom toll «possession transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The church bell tolled for the old king.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:x5:1
# text = The church bell tolled for the old king.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	bell	bell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	tolled	toll	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toll** | participle |  | the church bell *not said here* |  |  |  | for the old king | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The toll road costs $4 each way.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:x6:1
# text = The toll road costs $4 each way.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	costs	cost	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	$	$	SYM	$	_	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | the toll road | each way |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme $=Value |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Call the toll-free number for help.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:x7:1
# text = Call the toll-free number for help.
1	Call	call	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
3	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | imperative | you *not said here* | the free number |  |  |  | for help | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent number=Theme for help=Beneficiary |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Cling, clang," tolled the hyacinth bells.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toll:x8:1
# text = "Cling, clang," tolled the hyacinth bells.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Cling	cling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	clang	clang	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	_
7	tolled	toll	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	hyacinth	hyacinth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	bells	bell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toll** | past | Cling and clang | the hyacinth bells |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bell=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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