---
title: torch — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «torch» in the school dictionary: In the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, a torch is a small electric light you hold in your hand and that works with batteries; in the USA and Canada this is a flashlight. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# torch

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** torch, you, that, this, something, we · **What happens:** be, hold, work, mean, set, take · **To what, where:** small electric light, UK, hand, flashlight, USA, stick · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«torch» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [torch in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/torch.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, a torch is a small electric light you hold in your hand and that works with batteries; in the USA and Canada this is a flashlight.

<!-- fold The tree, 34 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:m1:1
# text = In the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, a torch is a small electric light you hold in your hand and that works with batteries; in the USA and Canada this is a flashlight.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	flat	_	_
10	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
16	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	electric	electric	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
19	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	hold	hold	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	acl:relcl	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	26	nsubj	_	_
26	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	conj	_	_
27	with	with	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	batteries	battery	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	38	punct	_	_
30	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	obl	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	_
35	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	38	nsubj	_	_
36	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	38	cop	_	_
37	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	flashlight	flashlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a torch | a small electric light and a flashlight |  | the UK and Ireland and Australia and New Zealand |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hold** | present | you | a small electric light and a flashlight *not said here* |  | your hand |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent light=Theme in hand=Location |
| 3 | **work** | present | that |  |  |  |  | with batteries | vn cooperate-73.1-3 «NP V PP.co-agent PP.theme»: agent=Agent with battery=Co-Agent |
| 4 | **is a** | present | this | a flashlight |  | the USA and Canada |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A torch is also a stick with a flame at the top, like the Olympic torch.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:m2:1
# text = A torch is also a stick with a flame at the top, like the Olympic torch.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	flame	flame	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	Olympic	olympic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a torch | a stick and the Olympic torch |  |  |  | with a flame at the top | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To torch something means to set it on fire on purpose.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:m3:1
# text = To torch something means to set it on fire on purpose.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nsubj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	set	set	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | something |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **set** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | it |  | fire |  | on purpose | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme on fire=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Take a torch with you when we go camping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x1:1
# text = Take a torch with you when we go camping.
1	Take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	1	obl	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
9	camping	camp	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | imperative | you *not said here* | a torch |  |  |  | with you | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Theme |
| 2 | **go** | present | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **camp** | gerund | we *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn odge-46-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shine the torch under the bed to find my sock.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x2:1
# text = Shine the torch under the bed to find my sock.
1	Shine	shine	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	under	under	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
9	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	sock	sock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shine** | imperative | you *not said here* | the torch |  | the bed |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent torch=Theme |
| 2 | **find** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | my sock |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sock=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The power went off, so we used a torch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x3:1
# text = The power went off, so we used a torch.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	off	off	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go off** | past | the power |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | past | we | a torch |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In America, a torch is called a flashlight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x4:1
# text = In America, a torch is called a flashlight.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	flashlight	flashlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | a torch |  | America |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The runner carried the Olympic torch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x5:1
# text = The runner carried the Olympic torch.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	runner	runner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Olympic	olympic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | past | the runner | the Olympic torch |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We made shadow puppets with a torch on the wall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x6:1
# text = We made shadow puppets with a torch on the wall.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shadow	shadow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	puppets	puppet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | We | shadow puppets |  | the wall |  | with a torch | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent puppet=Product |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Check the torch batteries before the trip.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x7:1
# text = Check the torch batteries before the trip.
1	Check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	batteries	battery	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
5	before	before	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | imperative | you *not said here* | the torch batteries |  |  | before the trip |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent battery=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Explorers used burning torches to see in the cave.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x8:1
# text = Explorers used burning torches to see in the cave.
1	Explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	burning	burn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	amod	_	_
4	torches	torch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | Explorers | burning torches |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Patient |
| 2 | **burn** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **see** | to-infinitive | Explorers *not said here* |  |  | the cave |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hecate appears as a gigantic woman, bearing a torch and a sword.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:torch:x9:1
# text = Hecate appears as a gigantic woman, bearing a torch and a sword.
1	Hecate	Hecate	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	appears	appear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	gigantic	gigantic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	bearing	bear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sword	sword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **appear** | present | Hecate |  |  |  |  | as a gigantic woman | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **bear** | gerund | Hecate *not said here* | a torch and a sword |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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