---
title: toss — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «toss» in the school dictionary: To toss means to throw something lightly: toss the ball to me. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# toss

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** toss, coin toss, side, She, He, They · **What happens:** mean, throw, toss, see, land up, be · **To what, where:** something, ball, me, coin, salad, 6 heads · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«toss» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [toss in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/toss.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To toss means to throw something lightly: toss the ball to me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:m1:1
# text = To toss means to throw something lightly: toss the ball to me.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	toss	toss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	throw	throw	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	lightly	lightly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
9	toss	toss	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | toss |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **throw** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | toss *not said here* | something |  |  |  | lightly *property* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 3 | **toss** | infinitive |  | the ball | me |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent ball=Patient to i=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A coin toss is throwing a coin to see which side lands up, heads or tails.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:m2:1
# text = A coin toss is throwing a coin to see which side lands up, heads or tails.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	toss	toss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	throwing	throw	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
10	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	11	det	_	_
11	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	lands	land	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	_
13	up	up	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	tails	tail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw** | present · progressive | a coin toss | a coin |  |  |  | heads or tails *obl* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coin=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | a coin toss *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **land up** | present | which side |  |  |  |  |  | vn pocket-9.10-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To toss a salad is to mix it gently.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:m3:1
# text = To toss a salad is to mix it gently.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	toss	toss	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	salad	salad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	mix	mix	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	gently	gently	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | to-infinitive |  | a salad |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent salad=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | gently, mix *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To toss and turn is to move about in bed and not sleep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:m4:1
# text = To toss and turn is to move about in bed and not sleep.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	toss	toss	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	turn	turn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	move	move	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	about	about	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **turn** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | about bed and sleep; move *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To toss something out is to throw it away.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:m5:1
# text = To toss something out is to throw it away.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	toss	toss	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	throw	throw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	away	away	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss out** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | away, throw *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She tossed the ball 12 times.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x1:1
# text = She tossed the ball 12 times.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tossed	toss	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | past | She | the ball |  |  | time |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ball=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He tosses a coin 10 times and gets 6 heads.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x2:1
# text = He tosses a coin 10 times and gets 6 heads.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tosses	toss	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | present | He | a coin |  |  | time |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coin=Patient |
| 2 | **get** | present | He *not said here* | 6 heads |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer head=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They tossed 3 bags into the bin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x3:1
# text = They tossed 3 bags into the bin.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tossed	toss	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bin	bin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | past | They | 3 bags |  | the bin |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent bag=Patient into bin=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many tosses were tails?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x4:1
# text = How many tosses were tails?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tosses	toss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	tails	tail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | many tosses | tails |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The captain won the toss and chose to bat first.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x5:1
# text = The captain won the toss and chose to bat first.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	toss	toss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	chose	choose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | past | the captain | the toss |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toss=Eventuality |
| 2 | **choose** | past | the captain *not said here* | bat |  |  |  | first *property* | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bat=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad tossed the pancake high in the air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x6:1
# text = Dad tossed the pancake high in the air.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tossed	toss	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	pancake	pancake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | past | Dad | the pancake |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pancake=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I tossed and turned all night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x7:1
# text = I tossed and turned all night.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tossed	toss	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **turn** | past | I *not said here* |  |  |  | night |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toss the salad with a little oil.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x8:1
# text = Toss the salad with a little oil.
1	Toss	toss	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	salad	salad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | imperative | you *not said here* | the salad |  |  |  | with a little oil | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent salad=Product with oil=Material |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He tossed it gayly to the boy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toss:x9:1
# text = He tossed it gayly to the boy.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tossed	toss	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	gayly	gayly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toss** | past | He | it | the boy |  |  | gayly *property* | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Patient to boy=Recipient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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