---
title: toxin — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «toxin» in the school dictionary: A toxin is a poison, especially one made by a living thing such as a plant, animal, fungus or germ. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# toxin

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** toxin, one, frogs, Bee stings, bacteria, puffer fish · **What happens:** be, make, have, contain, cause, stop · **To what, where:** poison, toxins, skin, mild toxin, toxin, food poisoning

<!-- .vabout -->
«toxin» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [toxin in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/toxin.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A toxin is a poison, especially one made by a living thing such as a plant, animal, fungus or germ.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toxin:m1:1
# text = A toxin is a poison, especially one made by a living thing such as a plant, animal, fungus or germ.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	toxin	toxin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nsubj	_	_
9	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	17	case	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	fungus	fungus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	germ	germ	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a toxin | a poison |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle | one | a poison *not said here* |  |  |  | by a living thing such a plant | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset poison=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some frogs have toxins in their skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toxin:x1:1
# text = Some frogs have toxins in their skin.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	toxins	toxin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some frogs | toxins |  | frogs's skin |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toxin=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bee stings contain a mild toxin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toxin:x2:1
# text = Bee stings contain a mild toxin.
1	Bee	bee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	stings	sting	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	contain	contain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	mild	mild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	toxin	toxin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | Bee stings | a mild toxin |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot toxin=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bacteria made a toxin that caused food poisoning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toxin:x3:1
# text = The bacteria made a toxin that caused food poisoning.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	toxin	toxin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	poisoning	poisoning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the bacteria | a toxin |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset toxin=Product |
| 2 | **cause** | past | a toxin | food poisoning |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition poisoning=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The puffer fish has a deadly toxin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toxin:x4:1
# text = The puffer fish has a deadly toxin.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	puffer	puffer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	deadly	deadly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	toxin	toxin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the puffer fish | a deadly toxin |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toxin=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plants make toxins to stop animals eating them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toxin:x5:1
# text = Plants make toxins to stop animals eating them.
1	Plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	toxins	toxin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Plants | toxins |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | toxins *not said here* | animals |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality animal=Eventuality |
| 3 | **eat** | gerund | animals *not said here* | animals *= animal* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The liver cleans toxins from the blood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:toxin:x6:1
# text = The liver cleans toxins from the blood.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	liver	liver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cleans	clean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	toxins	toxin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clean** | present | the liver | toxins |  | the blood |  |  | vn clear-10.3 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent toxin=Theme from blood=Source |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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