---
title: traffic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «traffic» in the school dictionary: The cars, buses, lorries, bikes and other vehicles moving on roads. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# traffic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** other vehicles, you, traffic, We, UK traffic, USA traffic · **What happens:** move, amount, sell, wait, be, look out · **To what, where:** roads, movement, people, traffic lights, traffic jam, left

<!-- .vabout -->
«traffic» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [traffic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/traffic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cars, buses, lorries, bikes and other vehicles moving on roads.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:m1:1
# text = The cars, buses, lorries, bikes and other vehicles moving on roads.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	buses	bus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	lorries	lorry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	bikes	bike	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	vehicles	vehicle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
12	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	acl	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	roads	road	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | gerund | other vehicles *not said here* |  |  | roads |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme on road=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The amount of movement of people, ships, planes or data: air traffic, internet traffic.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:m2:1
# text = The amount of movement of people, ships, planes or data: air traffic, internet traffic.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	movement	movement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	ships	ship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	planes	plane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	data	data	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
14	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	internet	internet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **amount** |  |  | movement of people and ships and planes or data |  |  |  |  | nom amount «possession transitive»: of=patient |
| 2 | **move** |  |  | people and ships and planes or data |  |  |  |  | nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Illegal buying and selling (traffic in drugs — adult use).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:m3:1
# text = Illegal buying and selling (traffic in drugs — adult use).
1	Illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	buying	buying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	selling	sell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
5	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	drugs	drug	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	adult	adult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wait for the green man at the traffic lights.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x1:1
# text = Wait for the green man at the traffic lights.
1	Wait	wait	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wait** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the traffic lights |  | for the green man | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at light=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The traffic was very heavy this morning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x2:1
# text = The traffic was very heavy this morning.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the traffic |  |  |  | morning | heavy *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We were stuck in a traffic jam.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x3:1
# text = We were stuck in a traffic jam.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	stuck	stuck	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	jam	jam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | We |  |  | a traffic jam |  | stuck *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Look out for traffic before you cross.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x4:1
# text = Look out for traffic before you cross.
1	Look	look	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	out	out	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	cross	cross	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look out** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for traffic | vn caring-75.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent for traffic=Theme |
| 2 | **cross** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the UK traffic drives on the left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x5:1
# text = In the UK traffic drives on the left.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	drives	drive	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	left	left	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | present | the UK traffic |  |  | the left |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the USA traffic drives on the right.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x6:1
# text = In the USA traffic drives on the right.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	drives	drive	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	right	right	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | present | the USA traffic |  |  | the right |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never play ball near traffic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x7:1
# text = Never play ball near traffic.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	play	play	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	near	near	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **play** | imperative | you *not said here* | ball |  | traffic |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ball=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Air traffic controllers guide planes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x8:1
# text = Air traffic controllers guide planes.
1	Air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	controllers	controller	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	guide	guide	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	planes	plane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **guide** | present | traffic controllers | planes |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plane=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An old house stood there; it was in the large town with its busy traffic.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:traffic:x9:1
# text = An old house stood there; it was in the large town with its busy traffic.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
15	busy	busy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | a old house |  |  | there |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | house |  |  | the large town |  | with house's busy traffic | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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