---
title: treachery — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «treachery» in the school dictionary: Betraying someone who trusts you; being disloyal or false. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# treachery

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Betraying, treachery, weasels, you, story, maiden suspecting treachery · **What happens:** betray, trust, be, shock, tell, use · **To what, where:** someone, you, king, treachery, Bible, Toad Hall · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«treachery» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [treachery in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/treachery.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Betraying someone who trusts you; being disloyal or false.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:m1:1
# text = Betraying someone who trusts you; being disloyal or false.
1	Betraying	betray	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	trusts	trust	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
7	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	cop	_	_
8	disloyal	disloyal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | gerund |  | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **trust** | present |  | you |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | gerund | Betraying |  |  |  |  | disloyal *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | Betraying *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hidden danger: the treachery of thin ice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:m2:1
# text = Hidden danger: the treachery of thin ice.
1	Hidden	hidden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	treachery	treachery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The king was shocked by the treachery of his own brother.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:x1:1
# text = The king was shocked by the treachery of his own brother.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	shocked	shock	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	treachery	treachery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shock** | past · passive | the treachery of king's own brother | the king |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Judas's treachery is told in the Bible.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:x2:1
# text = Judas's treachery is told in the Bible.
1	Judas	Judas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	treachery	treachery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	told	tell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | Judas's treachery |  | the Bible |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The weasels used treachery to seize Toad Hall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:x3:1
# text = The weasels used treachery to seize Toad Hall.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	weasels	weasel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	treachery	treachery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	seize	seize	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	Toad	Toad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	Hall	Hall	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | the weasels | treachery |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent treachery=Patient |
| 2 | **seize** | to-infinitive | the weasels *not said here* | Toad Hall |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hall=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Betraying a friend's secret is a kind of treachery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:x4:1
# text = Betraying a friend's secret is a kind of treachery.
1	Betraying	betray	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	treachery	treachery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betray** | gerund |  | a friend's secret |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Betraying | a kind |  |  |  | of treachery | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Beware the treachery of the ice in spring.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:x5:1
# text = Beware the treachery of the ice in spring.
1	Beware	beware	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	treachery	treachery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beware** | imperative | you *not said here* | the treachery of the ice in spring |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The story is full of plots and treachery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:x6:1
# text = The story is full of plots and treachery.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	plots	plot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	treachery	treachery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the story |  |  |  |  | of plots and treachery; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The maiden, suspecting no treachery, gave him the magic ring.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:treachery:x7:1
# text = The maiden, suspecting no treachery, gave him the magic ring.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
2	maiden	maiden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	suspecting	suspect	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
5	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
6	treachery	treachery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	iobj	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	magic	magic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suspect** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **give** | past | the maiden suspecting treachery | the magic ring | him *= he* |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient ring=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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