---
title: troposphere — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «troposphere» in the school dictionary: The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, from the ground up to about 10 to 15 km, where we live and where nearly all weather happens. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# troposphere

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** troposphere, we, weather, clouds, air, you · **What happens:** be, live, happen, form, get, go · **To what, where:** lowest layer, troposphere, stratosphere, top, most, atmosphere

<!-- .vabout -->
«troposphere» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [troposphere in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/troposphere.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, from the ground up to about 10 to 15 km, where we live and where nearly all weather happens.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:troposphere:m1:1
# text = The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, from the ground up to about 10 to 15 km, where we live and where nearly all weather happens.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	troposphere	troposphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	lowest	low	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	amod	_	_
6	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	atmosphere	atmosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
16	up	up	ADP	RP	_	22	case	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
18	about	about	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	22	nummod	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	nmod	_	_
22	km	km	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	26	advmod	_	_
25	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
26	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	parataxis	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
28	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	29	advmod	_	_
29	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
30	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	31	det	_	_
31	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj	_	_
32	happens	happen	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the troposphere | the lowest layer and the ground up 10 km |  |  |  | of the Earth's atmosphere | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **happen** | present | all weather |  |  |  |  | nearly *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We live in the troposphere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:troposphere:x1:1
# text = We live in the troposphere.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	troposphere	troposphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | We |  |  | the troposphere |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in troposphere=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Almost all clouds and weather form in the troposphere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:troposphere:x2:1
# text = Almost all clouds and weather form in the troposphere.
1	Almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
3	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	form	form	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	troposphere	troposphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | all clouds and weather |  |  | the troposphere |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in troposphere=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The air gets colder the higher you go in the troposphere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:troposphere:x3:1
# text = The air gets colder the higher you go in the troposphere.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	colder	cold	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	advcl	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	troposphere	troposphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | the air |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **go** | present | you |  |  | the troposphere |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in troposphere=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Above the troposphere is the stratosphere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:troposphere:x4:1
# text = Above the troposphere is the stratosphere.
1	Above	above	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	troposphere	troposphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	stratosphere	stratosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | the stratosphere |  | the troposphere |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Big jets fly near the top of the troposphere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:troposphere:x5:1
# text = Big jets fly near the top of the troposphere.
1	Big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	jets	jet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fly	fly	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	near	near	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	troposphere	troposphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | present | Big jets |  |  | the top of the troposphere |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near top=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The troposphere holds most of the air in the atmosphere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:troposphere:x6:1
# text = The troposphere holds most of the air in the atmosphere.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	troposphere	troposphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	atmosphere	atmosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | present | the troposphere | most of the air |  | the atmosphere |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent most=Theme in atmosphere=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If the troposphere is 12 km thick, a plane at 10 km is 2 km from its top.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:troposphere:x7:1
# text = If the troposphere is 12 km thick, a plane at 10 km is 2 km from its top.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	troposphere	troposphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	km	km	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	km	km	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
16	km	km	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
17	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | the troposphere |  |  |  |  | 12 km *obl:unmarked*; thick *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a plane at 10 km | 2 km |  | plane's top |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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