---
title: truffle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «truffle» in the school dictionary: A truffle is a soft, round chocolate sweet, often covered in cocoa powder. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# truffle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** truffle, rare smelling fungus, Gran, We, Truffles, Trained dogs · **What happens:** be, cover, smell, grow, eat, give · **To what, where:** soft round chocolate sweet, rare smelling fungus, tree roots, box, me, chocolate truffles

<!-- .vabout -->
«truffle» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [truffle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/truffle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A truffle is a soft, round chocolate sweet, often covered in cocoa powder.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:m1:1
# text = A truffle is a soft, round chocolate sweet, often covered in cocoa powder.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	truffle	truffle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	round	round	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	sweet	sweet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	often	often	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	cocoa	cocoa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	powder	powder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a truffle | a soft round chocolate sweet |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cover** | participle |  | a soft round chocolate sweet *not said here* |  |  |  | in cocoa powder; often *property* | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent in powder=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A truffle is a rare, strong-smelling fungus that grows underground near tree roots and is very expensive to eat.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:m2:1
# text = A truffle is a rare, strong-smelling fungus that grows underground near tree roots and is very expensive to eat.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	truffle	truffle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
5	rare	rare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	smelling	smell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	amod	_	_
10	fungus	fungus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	underground	underground	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	near	near	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	roots	root	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
19	very	very	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	expensive	expensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn smell\_emission-43.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a truffle | a rare smelling fungus |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **grow** | present | a rare smelling fungus |  |  | tree roots |  | underground *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near root=Location |
| 4 | **is** | present | a rare smelling fungus *not said here* |  |  |  |  | expensive *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **eat** | to-infinitive | a rare smelling fungus *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gran gave me a box of chocolate truffles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:x1:1
# text = Gran gave me a box of chocolate truffles.
1	Gran	Gran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	iobj	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	truffles	truffle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | Gran | a box of chocolate truffles | me |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient box=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We rolled chocolate truffles in cocoa powder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:x2:1
# text = We rolled chocolate truffles in cocoa powder.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rolled	roll	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	truffles	truffle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	cocoa	cocoa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	powder	powder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roll** | past | We | chocolate truffles |  | cocoa powder |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent truffle=Theme in powder=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Truffles grow underground near oak trees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:x3:1
# text = Truffles grow underground near oak trees.
1	Truffles	truffle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	underground	underground	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	near	near	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	oak	oak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Truffles |  |  | oak trees |  | underground *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near tree=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Trained dogs sniff out truffles in the forest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:x4:1
# text = Trained dogs sniff out truffles in the forest.
1	Trained	train	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sniff	sniff	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	truffles	truffle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **train** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **sniff out** | present | Trained dogs | truffles |  | the forest |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent truffle=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some truffles cost more than gold by weight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:x5:1
# text = Some truffles cost more than gold by weight.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	truffles	truffle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cost	cost	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	obj	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | some truffles | more |  |  |  | by weight | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme more=Value |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Truffle oil smells very strong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:x6:1
# text = Truffle oil smells very strong.
1	Truffle	truffle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	smells	smell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | present | Truffle oil |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A truffle is a fungus, like a mushroom, but it grows under the soil.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:truffle:x7:1
# text = A truffle is a fungus, like a mushroom, but it grows under the soil.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	truffle	truffle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	fungus	fungus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	mushroom	mushroom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
14	under	under	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a truffle | a fungus and a mushroom |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | present | truffle |  |  | the soil |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under soil=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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