---
title: tundra — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «tundra» in the school dictionary: The tundra is a huge cold, flat, treeless land in the far north (the Arctic) or high on mountains, where the ground below stays frozen all year. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# tundra

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**Who acts:** tundra, ground, Trees, Lemmings, We · **What happens:** be, stay, freeze, not grow, cover, live · **To what, where:** huge cold flat treeless land, far north, mountains, tundra, Arctic tundra, permafrost

<!-- .vabout -->
«tundra» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [tundra in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/tundra.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The tundra is a huge cold, flat, treeless land in the far north (the Arctic) or high on mountains, where the ground below stays frozen all year.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tundra:m1:1
# text = The tundra is a huge cold, flat, treeless land in the far north (the Arctic) or high on mountains, where the ground below stays frozen all year.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tundra	tundra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
6	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
10	treeless	treeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	far	far	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	Arctic	Arctic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	18	punct	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
22	on	on	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
25	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	29	advmod	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nsubj	_	_
28	below	below	ADP	IN	_	27	nmod	_	_
29	stays	stay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
30	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	29	xcomp	_	_
31	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	32	det	_	_
32	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the tundra | a huge cold flat treeless land |  | the far north |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the tundra *not said here* |  |  | mountains |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **stay** | present | the ground |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **freeze** | participle | the ground *not said here* |  |  |  | year |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Trees cannot grow on the tundra.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tundra:x1:1
# text = Trees cannot grow on the tundra.
1	Trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	tundra	tundra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **grow** | can | Trees |  |  | the tundra |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on tundra=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Caribou travel across the tundra in huge herds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tundra:x2:1
# text = Caribou travel across the tundra in huge herds.
1	Caribou	Caribou	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	travel	travel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	across	across	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tundra	tundra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	herds	herd	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In summer the tundra is covered with flowers and mosquitoes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tundra:x3:1
# text = In summer the tundra is covered with flowers and mosquitoes.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	tundra	tundra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	mosquitoes	mosquito	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present · passive |  | the tundra |  |  | summer | with flowers and mosquitoes | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with flower=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lemmings live on the Arctic tundra.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tundra:x4:1
# text = Lemmings live on the Arctic tundra.
1	Lemmings	lemming	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Arctic	arctic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	tundra	tundra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Lemmings |  |  | the Arctic tundra |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on tundra=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ground under the tundra is permafrost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tundra:x5:1
# text = The ground under the tundra is permafrost.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	under	under	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tundra	tundra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	permafrost	permafrost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the ground under the tundra | permafrost |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We made a model of the tundra biome in class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:tundra:x6:1
# text = We made a model of the tundra biome in class.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	tundra	tundra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	biome	biome	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | We | a model of the tundra biome in class |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent model=Product |
| 2 | **model** |  |  | the tundra biome in class |  |  |  |  | nom model «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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