---
title: turbulence — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «turbulence» in the school dictionary: Turbulence is sudden, uneven movement of air or water that makes a plane shake or a boat rock. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# turbulence

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Turbulence, uneven movement, plane, you, pilot, river rapids · **What happens:** be, make, move, describe, shake, keep · **To what, where:** plane shake, air, wild character, seat belt, case, us

<!-- .vabout -->
«turbulence» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [turbulence in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/turbulence.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turbulence is sudden, uneven movement of air or water that makes a plane shake or a boat rock.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:m1:1
# text = Turbulence is sudden, uneven movement of air or water that makes a plane shake or a boat rock.
1	Turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	uneven	uneven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	movement	movement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	shake	shake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Turbulence |  |  |  |  | sudden *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | uneven movement of air or water | a plane shake or a boat rock |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset shake=Product |
| 3 | **move** |  |  | air or water |  |  |  |  | nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A time of confusion, trouble or sudden change.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:m2:1
# text = A time of confusion, trouble or sudden change.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	confusion	confusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	trouble	trouble	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turbulence can also describe a wild, stormy or restless character.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:m3:1
# text = Turbulence can also describe a wild, stormy or restless character.
1	Turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	describe	describe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
6	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	stormy	stormy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	restless	restless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
11	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | can | Turbulence | a wild character |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent character=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The plane shook because of turbulence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:x1:1
# text = The plane shook because of turbulence.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shook	shake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	6	case	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	fixed	_	_
6	turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shake** | past | the plane |  |  |  |  | because turbulence | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep your seat belt on in case of turbulence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:x2:1
# text = Keep your seat belt on in case of turbulence.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	seat	seat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	belt	belt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* | your seat belt |  | case of turbulence |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent belt=Theme on case=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pilot warned us about turbulence ahead.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:x3:1
# text = The pilot warned us about turbulence ahead.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pilot	pilot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	warned	warn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	ahead	ahead	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warn** *speech: warn* | past | the pilot |  | us |  |  | about turbulence; ahead *property* | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP PP.topic»: agent=Agent we=Recipient about turbulence=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turbulence is uncomfortable but usually not dangerous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:x4:1
# text = Turbulence is uncomfortable but usually not dangerous.
1	Turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Turbulence |  |  |  |  | uncomfortable *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **be** |  | Turbulence *not said here* |  |  |  |  | usually *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The river rapids create turbulence in the water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:x5:1
# text = The river rapids create turbulence in the water.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	rapids	rapid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	create	create	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **create** | present | the river rapids | turbulence |  | the water |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent turbulence=Result |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The country went through a time of turbulence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:x6:1
# text = The country went through a time of turbulence.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	through	through	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | the country |  |  |  | time |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The attitude is that of thoughtful repose, but the short, curly hair, dilated nostrils, and strongly marked features leave no doubt as to the force and turbulence of his character.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turbulence:x7:1
# text = The attitude is that of thoughtful repose, but the short, curly hair, dilated nostrils, and strongly marked features leave no doubt as to the force and turbulence of his character.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	attitude	attitude	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	thoughtful	thoughtful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	repose	repose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
11	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	curly	curly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	dilated	dilate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	amod	_	_
17	nostrils	nostril	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
20	strongly	strongly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	marked	mark	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	amod	_	_
22	features	feature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
23	leave	leave	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
24	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	25	det	_	_
25	doubt	doubt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
26	as	as	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	29	case	_	_
27	to	to	ADP	IN	_	26	fixed	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	turbulence	turbulence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	conj	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	34	nmod:poss	_	_
34	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the attitude |  |  |  |  | of thoughtful repose; the short curly hair and dilated nostrils *nmod* | tree rules |
| 2 | **dilate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **mark** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | strongly *property* | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **leave** | present | marked features | no doubt |  |  |  | as the force and turbulence of his character | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent doubt=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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