---
title: turkish — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «turkish» in the school dictionary: Turkish means from or to do with Turkey (Türkiye), a country partly in Europe and partly in Asia, or its people. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# turkish

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Turkish, She, Edmund, We, Turkish coffee, Istanbul · **What happens:** mean, do, be, speak, use, name · **To what, where:** people, language, Turkey, It, names, foods · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«turkish» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [turkish in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/turkish.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turkish means from or to do with Turkey (Türkiye), a country partly in Europe and partly in Asia, or its people.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:m1:1
# text = Turkish means from or to do with Turkey (Türkiye), a country partly in Europe and partly in Asia, or its people.
1	Turkish	turkish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Turkey	Turkey	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Türkiye	Türkiye	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
15	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
19	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Asia	Asia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Turkish | Turkish's people |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with Turkey | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turkish is the language spoken in Turkey and by many people in Cyprus and around the world.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:m2:1
# text = Turkish is the language spoken in Turkey and by many people in Cyprus and around the world.
1	Turkish	turkish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Turkey	Turkey	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Cyprus	Cyprus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	around	around	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Turkish | the language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  | the language *not said here* |  | Turkey and many people in Cyprus and the world |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is used in names of foods and things.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:m3:1
# text = It is used in names of foods and things.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	foods	food	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | It |  | names of foods and things |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **name** |  |  | foods and things |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turkish delight (a soft sweet dusted with sugar), Turkish coffee, a Turkish bath.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:m3e:1
# text = Turkish delight (a soft sweet dusted with sugar), Turkish coffee, a Turkish bath.
1	Turkish	Turkish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	delight	delight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	sweet	sweet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
7	dusted	dust	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	Turkish	Turkish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	Turkish	Turkish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	bath	bath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dust** | participle |  | a soft sweet *not said here* |  |  |  | with sugar | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent with sugar=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She speaks Turkish and English at home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:x1:1
# text = She speaks Turkish and English at home.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Turkish	Turkish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | She | Turkish and English |  | home |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Edmund ate Turkish delight in the story.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:x2:1
# text = Edmund ate Turkish delight in the story.
1	Edmund	Edmund	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Turkish	Turkish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	delight	delight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | Edmund | Turkish delight |  | the story |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent delight=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We went to a Turkish restaurant for kebabs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:x3:1
# text = We went to a Turkish restaurant for kebabs.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Turkish	Turkish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	restaurant	restaurant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	kebabs	kebab	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | We |  |  | a Turkish restaurant |  | for kebabs | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to restaurant=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turkish coffee is very strong and thick.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:x4:1
# text = Turkish coffee is very strong and thick.
1	Turkish	Turkish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Turkish coffee |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Turkish coffee *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Istanbul is the biggest Turkish city.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:x5:1
# text = Istanbul is the biggest Turkish city.
1	Istanbul	Istanbul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	biggest	big	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	amod	_	_
5	Turkish	Turkish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Istanbul | the biggest Turkish city |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turkish uses the same alphabet as English with some extra letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:x6:1
# text = Turkish uses the same alphabet as English with some extra letters.
1	Turkish	turkish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
10	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Turkish | the same alphabet |  |  |  | as English; with some extra letters | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent alphabet=Duration as english=Attribute |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was easy to believe after this that the princess was really going to marry a Turkish angel.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:turkish:x7:1
# text = It was easy to believe after this that the princess was really going to marry a Turkish angel.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	expl	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	obl	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	princess	princess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	really	really	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	marry	marry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Turkish	Turkish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	angel	angel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past |  |  |  |  |  | easy *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **believe** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | after this |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **go** | past · progressive | the princess |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **marry** | to-infinitive | the princess *not said here* | a Turkish angel |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent angel=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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