---
title: undercharge — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «undercharge» in the school dictionary: To undercharge means to ask someone to pay less than the real or correct price, often by mistake. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/U/undercharge/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [U](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/U/) / undercharge

# undercharge

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** someone, your, cashier, shop, café, cousin undercharges · **What happens:** undercharge, mean, ask, pay, work, go back · **To what, where:** someone, less, little money, cashier, us, you · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«undercharge» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [undercharge in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/undercharge.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To undercharge means to ask someone to pay less than the real or correct price, often by mistake.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undercharge:m1:1
# text = To undercharge means to ask someone to pay less than the real or correct price, often by mistake.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	undercharge	undercharge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	ask	ask	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
9	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	obj	_	_
10	than	than	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
12	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	correct	correct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	_
15	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	often	often	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	mistake	mistake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undercharge** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S\_INF»: agent=Agent someone=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 4 | **pay** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | someone *not said here* | less |  |  |  | by mistake | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent less=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To undercharge for your work means to ask too little money for it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undercharge:m2:1
# text = To undercharge for your work means to ask too little money for it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	undercharge	undercharge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	ask	ask	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	too	too	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undercharge** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | for your work | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | little money |  |  |  | for money | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent money=Recipient |
| 4 | **work** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cashier undercharged us by three dollars, so Dad went back to pay.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undercharge:x1:1
# text = The cashier undercharged us by three dollars, so Dad went back to pay.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cashier	cashier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	undercharged	undercharge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	Dad	Dad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	back	back	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undercharge** | participle |  | the cashier *not said here* | us |  |  | by three dollars | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent we=Recipient |
| 2 | **go back** | past | the cashier |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **pay** | to-infinitive | the cashier *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If a shop undercharges you, it is honest to tell them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undercharge:x2:1
# text = If a shop undercharges you, it is honest to tell them.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	undercharges	undercharge	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	expl	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	honest	honest	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	csubj	_	_
12	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undercharge** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | a shop |  | you |  |  |  | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent you=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | honest *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  |  | them *= they* |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The café undercharged for the cakes because the price label was wrong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undercharge:x3:1
# text = The café undercharged for the cakes because the price label was wrong.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	café	café	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
3	undercharged	undercharge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cakes	cake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	label	label	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undercharge** | participle |  | the café *not said here* |  |  |  | for the cakes; because the price label | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the café |  |  |  |  | wrong *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My cousin undercharges for her babysitting — she should ask for more.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undercharge:x4:1
# text = My cousin undercharges for her babysitting — she should ask for more.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	undercharges	undercharge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	babysitting	babysitting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	—	-	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	ask	ask	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | should | My cousin undercharges for her babysitting |  |  |  |  | for more | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **undercharge** |  | My |  |  |  |  | for her babysitting | nom undercharge «possession transitive»: poss=agent for=obl |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bill should be £18, but we were charged £15, so we were undercharged by £3.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undercharge:x5:1
# text = The bill should be £18, but we were charged £15, so we were undercharged by £3.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bill	bill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
5	£	£	SYM	$	_	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	18	18	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	charged	charge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
12	£	£	SYM	$	_	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	so	so	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
16	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	undercharged	undercharge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	£	£	SYM	$	_	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	20	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | should | the bill | £ 18 |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **charge** | past · passive |  | we |  |  |  |  | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP NP.asset»: subject=Recipient £=Asset |
| 3 | **undercharge** | past · passive |  | we |  |  |  |  | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new till kept undercharging for apples.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undercharge:x6:1
# text = The new till kept undercharging for apples.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	till	till	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	undercharging	undercharge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | the new till |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **undercharge** | gerund | the new till *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for apples | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [underbrush](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/U/underbrush/)
- next →: [undercoat](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/U/undercoat/)
- ↑ back to [U in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/U/)