---
title: undergrowth — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «undergrowth» in the school dictionary: Undergrowth is the bushes, ferns, small plants and tangled stems that grow thickly under the trees in a wood or forest. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# undergrowth

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Undergrowth, small plants, rabbit, We, Many beetles, fox · **What happens:** be, grow, rustle, vanish, push, live · **To what, where:** bushes, trees, undergrowth, way, thick undergrowth, forest undergrowth · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«undergrowth» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [undergrowth in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/undergrowth.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Undergrowth is the bushes, ferns, small plants and tangled stems that grow thickly under the trees in a wood or forest.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undergrowth:m1:1
# text = Undergrowth is the bushes, ferns, small plants and tangled stems that grow thickly under the trees in a wood or forest.
1	Undergrowth	undergrowth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bushes	bush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	ferns	fern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	tangled	tangled	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	stems	stem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
13	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
15	thickly	thickly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	_
16	under	under	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Undergrowth | the bushes and ferns and small plants and tangled stems |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | present | small plants and tangled stems |  |  | the trees |  | in a wood or forest; thickly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under tree=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Something rustled in the undergrowth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undergrowth:x1:1
# text = Something rustled in the undergrowth.
1	Something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
2	rustled	rustle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	undergrowth	undergrowth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rustle** | participle |  |  |  | the undergrowth |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in undergrowth=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rabbit vanished into the undergrowth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undergrowth:x2:1
# text = The rabbit vanished into the undergrowth.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rabbit	rabbit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	vanished	vanish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	undergrowth	undergrowth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vanish** | past | the rabbit |  |  | the undergrowth |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We pushed our way through the thick undergrowth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undergrowth:x3:1
# text = We pushed our way through the thick undergrowth.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pushed	push	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	undergrowth	undergrowth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **push** | past | We | our way |  | the thick undergrowth |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent way=Theme through undergrowth=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many beetles and spiders live in the forest undergrowth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undergrowth:x4:1
# text = Many beetles and spiders live in the forest undergrowth.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	beetles	beetle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	spiders	spider	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	undergrowth	undergrowth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Many beetles and spiders |  |  | the forest undergrowth |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in undergrowth=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fox hid in the undergrowth until the dogs had gone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undergrowth:x5:1
# text = The fox hid in the undergrowth until the dogs had gone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	hid	hide	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	undergrowth	undergrowth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hide** | past | the fox |  |  | the undergrowth |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in undergrowth=Location |
| 2 | **go** | past · perfect | the dogs |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Brambles in the undergrowth scratched our legs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undergrowth:x6:1
# text = Brambles in the undergrowth scratched our legs.
1	Brambles	bramble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	undergrowth	undergrowth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	scratched	scratch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **scratch** | past | Brambles in the undergrowth | our legs |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then there was a great rustling in the undergrowth, and out ran a wild boar, grunting, ‘Umph, umph, umph; someone said dinner was ready.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undergrowth:x7:1
# text = Then there was a great rustling in the undergrowth, and out ran a wild boar, grunting, ‘Umph, umph, umph; someone said dinner was ready.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	rustling	rustling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	undergrowth	undergrowth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	out	out	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	boar	boar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	grunting	grunt	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	Umph	Umph	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	umph	umph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	umph	umph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
27	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	28	nsubj	_	_
28	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
29	dinner	dinner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nsubj	_	_
30	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	cop	_	_
31	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past |  |  |  |  |  | out, run *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **grunt** | gerund |  | Umph and umph and umph |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent umph=Theme |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | someone |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | past | dinner |  |  |  |  | ready *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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