---
title: undulate — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «undulate» in the school dictionary: To undulate is to move up and down or side to side in smooth waves. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# undulate

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** surface, Land, Seaweed, We, head, it · **What happens:** undulate, be, have, walk, come, wave · **To what, where:** gentle wavy shape, snake, sand, road, gentle hills, waves

<!-- .vabout -->
«undulate» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [undulate in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/undulate.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To undulate is to move up and down or side to side in smooth waves.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:m1:1
# text = To undulate is to move up and down or side to side in smooth waves.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	undulate	undulate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	down	down	ADV	RB	_	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undulate** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | to side in smooth waves; move *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Land or a surface that undulates has a gentle wavy shape, with soft rises and dips.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:m2:1
# text = Land or a surface that undulates has a gentle wavy shape, with soft rises and dips.
1	Land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	undulates	undulate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	gentle	gentle	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	wavy	wavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	rises	rise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	appos	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	dips	dip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undulate** | present | a surface |  |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | present | Land or a surface | a gentle wavy shape |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shape=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The snake undulated across the sand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:x1:1
# text = The snake undulated across the sand.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	snake	snake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	undulated	undulate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	across	across	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undulate** | participle |  | the snake *not said here* |  | the sand |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across sand=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The road undulated over gentle hills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:x2:1
# text = The road undulated over gentle hills.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	undulated	undulate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	gentle	gentle	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undulate** | participle |  | the road *not said here* |  | gentle hills |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over hill=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Seaweed undulates in the waves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:x3:1
# text = Seaweed undulates in the waves.
1	Seaweed	seaweed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	undulates	undulate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undulate** | present | Seaweed |  |  | the waves |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in wave=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We walked through undulating farmland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:x4:1
# text = We walked through undulating farmland.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	undulating	undulate	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	farmland	farmland	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **undulate** | gerund | We *not said here* | farmland |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location farmland=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The flag undulated in the breeze.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:x5:1
# text = The flag undulated in the breeze.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flag	flag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	undulated	undulate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	breeze	breeze	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undulate** | participle |  | the flag *not said here* |  | the breeze |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in breeze=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ribbon undulated behind the gymnast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:x6:1
# text = A ribbon undulated behind the gymnast.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ribbon	ribbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	undulated	undulate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	gymnast	gymnast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **undulate** | participle |  | a ribbon *not said here* |  | the gymnast |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind gymnast=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Upon my word, as the head came waving and undulating through the air, and reaching almost within arm's length of Prince Jason, it was a very hideous and uncomfortable sight.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:undulate:x7:1
# text = Upon my word, as the head came waving and undulating through the air, and reaching almost within arm's length of Prince Jason, it was a very hideous and uncomfortable sight.
1	Upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	waving	wave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	undulating	undulate	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	_
12	through	through	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
17	reaching	reach	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	34	csubj	_	_
18	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
19	within	within	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	's	's	PART	POS	_	20	case	_	_
22	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	Prince	Prince	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	Jason	Jason	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
27	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
28	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	cop	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
30	very	very	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
31	hideous	hideous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
33	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	conj	_	_
34	sight	sight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the head |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **wave** | gerund | the head *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **undulate** | gerund | the head *not said here* |  |  | the air |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through air=Location |
| 4 | **reach** | gerund |  | arm's length of Prince Jason |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent length=Theme |
| 5 | **is a** | past | it | a hideous sight |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **word** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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