---
title: untrained — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «untrained» in the school dictionary: Untrained means not taught or practised in a skill or job: «an untrained helper». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# untrained

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Untrained, untrained animal, untrained eye, untrained puppy, two birds, Untrained people · **What happens:** mean, not teach, practise, behave, obey, not notice · **To what, where:** skill, untrained animal, shoes, same, sewer, someone · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«untrained» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [untrained in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/untrained.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Untrained means not taught or practised in a skill or job: «an untrained helper».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:m1:1
# text = Untrained means not taught or practised in a skill or job: «an untrained helper».
1	Untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	taught	teach	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	practised	practise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	helper	helper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Untrained |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **teach** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **practise** | participle |  |  |  | a skill or job |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An untrained animal has not been taught to behave or obey: «an untrained puppy».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:m2:1
# text = An untrained animal has not been taught to behave or obey: «an untrained puppy».
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
6	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	taught	teach	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	behave	behave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	obey	obey	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **teach** *speech: other* | present · perfect · passive |  | a untrained animal |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **behave** | to-infinitive | a untrained animal *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **obey** | infinitive | a untrained animal *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn abide\_by-93.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An untrained eye or ear cannot notice what an expert can.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:m3:1
# text = An untrained eye or ear cannot notice what an expert can.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	notice	notice	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	8	obj	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	expert	expert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **notice** | can | a untrained eye or ear |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer what=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An untrained puppy will chew your shoes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:x1:1
# text = An untrained puppy will chew your shoes.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | future | a untrained puppy | your shoes |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shoe=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To the untrained eye, the two birds look the same.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:x2:1
# text = To the untrained eye, the two birds look the same.
1	To	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | the two birds | the same |  |  |  | to the untrained eye | vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme same=Attribute |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Untrained people should not climb into a sewer to rescue someone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:x3:1
# text = Untrained people should not climb into a sewer to rescue someone.
1	Untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	climb	climb	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sewer	sewer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	rescue	rescue	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
11	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **climb** | should | Untrained people |  |  | a sewer |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into sewer=Destination |
| 2 | **rescue** | to-infinitive | Untrained people *not said here* | someone |  |  |  |  | vn steal-10.5 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new helpers were untrained, so the coach showed them what to do.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:x4:1
# text = The new helpers were untrained, so the coach showed them what to do.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	helpers	helper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	14	obj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the new helpers |  |  |  |  | untrained *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | past | the coach | helpers *= helper* |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent they=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My voice is untrained, but I love singing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:x5:1
# text = My voice is untrained, but I love singing.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	love	love	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	singing	sing	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | My voice |  |  |  |  | untrained *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **love** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **sing** *speech: express* *not said to happen* | gerund | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is dangerous for untrained divers to go into caves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untrained:x6:1
# text = It is dangerous for untrained divers to go into caves.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	untrained	untrained	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	divers	diver	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | for untrained divers; dangerous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **go** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | caves |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into cave=Initial\_Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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