---
title: untruthful — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «untruthful» in the school dictionary: Not telling the truth; lying. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# untruthful

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**Who acts:** telling, It, you, advert, He, friend · **What happens:** not tell, lie, be, say, finish, not do · **To what, where:** truth, untruthful claims, trust, untruthful excuse · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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«untruthful» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [untruthful in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/untruthful.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not telling the truth; lying.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untruthful:m1:1
# text = Not telling the truth; lying.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	2	punct	_	_
6	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | the truth |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient |
| 2 | **lie** | gerund | telling |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: of a statement — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not true.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untruthful:m2:1
# text = Not true.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is untruthful to say you finished when you didn't.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untruthful:x1:1
# text = It is untruthful to say you finished when you didn't.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	untruthful	untruthful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	finished	finish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
8	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | untruthful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **finish** | past | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 4 | **not** **do** | past | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The advert made untruthful claims about the toy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untruthful:x2:1
# text = The advert made untruthful claims about the toy.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	advert	advert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	untruthful	untruthful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	claims	claim	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	toy	toy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the advert | untruthful claims |  |  |  | about the toy | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset claim=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was untruthful about where he had been.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untruthful:x3:1
# text = He was untruthful about where he had been.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	untruthful	untruthful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	8	advmod	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	been	be	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | He |  |  |  |  | untruthful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** | past · perfect | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Being untruthful can break a friend's trust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untruthful:x4:1
# text = Being untruthful can break a friend's trust.
1	Being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	cop	_	_
2	untruthful	untruthful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	advcl	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	break	break	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	trust	trust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | untruthful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **break** | can |  | a friend's trust |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer trust=Patient |
| 3 | **trust** |  | a friend |  |  |  |  |  | nom trust «possession intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judge said the witness had been untruthful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untruthful:x5:1
# text = The judge said the witness had been untruthful.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	cop	_	_
8	untruthful	untruthful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the judge |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past · perfect | the witness |  |  |  |  | untruthful *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her untruthful excuse fooled nobody.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:untruthful:x6:1
# text = Her untruthful excuse fooled nobody.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	untruthful	untruthful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	excuse	excuse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	fooled	fool	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fool** | participle · passive |  | Her untruthful excuse |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **excuse** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom excuse «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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