---
title: upholster — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «upholster» in the school dictionary: To cover a chair, sofa or car seat with padding, springs and cloth or leather so it is soft to sit on. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# upholster

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** it, grandad, We, She, dining, cinema · **What happens:** cover, be, sit on, upholster, learn, go · **To what, where:** chair, chairs, old sofa, blue fabric, car seats, grey cloth

<!-- .vabout -->
«upholster» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [upholster in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/upholster.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cover a chair, sofa or car seat with padding, springs and cloth or leather so it is soft to sit on.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:m1:1
# text = To cover a chair, sofa or car seat with padding, springs and cloth or leather so it is soft to sit on.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cover	cover	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	chair	chair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	sofa	sofa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	seat	seat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	padding	padding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	springs	spring	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	leather	leather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
18	so	so	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
21	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	sit	sit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	csubj	_	_
24	on	on	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | to-infinitive |  | a chair and sofa or car seat |  |  |  | with padding and springs and cloth or leather | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent chair=Destination with padding=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | it |  |  |  |  | soft *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **sit on** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: upholstered, as an adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Covered with soft padding and fabric, like an upholstered armchair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:m2:1
# text = Covered with soft padding and fabric, like an upholstered armchair.
1	Covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	padding	padding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	fabric	fabric	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	upholstered	upholster	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	armchair	armchair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with soft padding and fabric and a upholstered armchair | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with padding=Theme |
| 2 | **upholster** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My grandad learned to upholster chairs when he was young.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:x1:1
# text = My grandad learned to upholster chairs when he was young.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	grandad	grandad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	upholster	upholster	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	chairs	chair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | My grandad |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **upholster** | to-infinitive | My grandad *not said here* | chairs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | past | grandad |  |  |  |  | young *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We are going to upholster the old sofa in blue fabric.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:x2:1
# text = We are going to upholster the old sofa in blue fabric.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	upholster	upholster	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	sofa	sofa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	fabric	fabric	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present · progressive | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **upholster** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | the old sofa |  | blue fabric |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The car seats are upholstered in grey cloth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:x3:1
# text = The car seats are upholstered in grey cloth.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	seats	seat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	upholstered	upholster	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	grey	grey	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **upholster** | present · passive |  | the car seats |  | grey cloth |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She re-upholstered the dining chairs herself.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:x4:1
# text = She re-upholstered the dining chairs herself.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	re-upholstered	re-upholster	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	dining	dining	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	chairs	chair	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
6	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **re-upholster** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **chair** | present | the dining | dining |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cinema had soft red upholstered seats.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:x5:1
# text = The cinema had soft red upholstered seats.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cinema	cinema	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	upholstered	upholster	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	seats	seat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the cinema | soft red upholstered seats |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent seat=Patient |
| 2 | **upholster** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It costs a lot to have a big armchair upholstered.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:x6:1
# text = It costs a lot to have a big armchair upholstered.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	costs	cost	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	armchair	armchair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	upholstered	upholster	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | It | a lot |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme lot=Value |
| 2 | **have** | to-infinitive |  | a big armchair |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **upholster** | participle | a big armchair *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cat scratched the upholstery to bits.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:upholster:x7:1
# text = The cat scratched the upholstery to bits.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	scratched	scratch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	upholstery	upholstery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	bits	bit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **scratch** | past | the cat | the upholstery |  |  |  | to bits *result* | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent upholstery=Patient to bit=Result |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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