---
title: usage — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «usage» in the school dictionary: Usage is the way words are used in a language, including what is right and normal. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# usage

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Usage, way, word, new usage, electricity usage, Our · **What happens:** use, be, treat, have, mean, go up · **To what, where:** Usage, language, something, way, new usage, data usage

<!-- .vabout -->
«usage» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [usage in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/usage.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Usage is the way words are used in a language, including what is right and normal.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:m1:1
# text = Usage is the way words are used in a language, including what is right and normal.
1	Usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	including	including	ADP	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	parataxis	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	normal	normal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | Usage |  | a language |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Usage is how much of something is used: water usage, data usage.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:m2:1
# text = Usage is how much of something is used: water usage, data usage.
1	Usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	data	data	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Usage |  |  |  |  | much *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | present · passive |  | something |  |  |  | water usage and data usage *obl* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Usage is the way something is used or treated.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:m3:1
# text = Usage is the way something is used or treated.
1	Usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	treated	treat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Usage | the way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | present · passive | the way *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **treat** | participle | the way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The word "cool" has a new usage meaning great.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x1:1
# text = The word "cool" has a new usage meaning great.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	cool	cool	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
11	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the word | a new usage |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent usage=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | gerund | a new usage *not said here* |  |  |  |  | great *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our electricity usage goes up in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x2:1
# text = Our electricity usage goes up in winter.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	electricity	electricity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go up** | present | Our electricity usage |  |  |  | winter |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 2 | **use** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom usage «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Check your phone's data usage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x3:1
# text = Check your phone's data usage.
1	Check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	data	data	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | imperative | you *not said here* | your phone's data usage |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent usage=Theme |
| 2 | **use** |  | your phone |  |  |  |  |  | nom usage «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This word is not in common usage any more.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x4:1
# text = This word is not in common usage any more.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	any	any	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | this word |  |  | common usage |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The chart shows daily water usage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x5:1
# text = The chart shows daily water usage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chart	chart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	daily	daily	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the chart | daily water usage |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent usage=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough usage broke the toy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x6:1
# text = Rough usage broke the toy.
1	Rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	toy	toy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | past | Rough usage | the toy |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer toy=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Usage notes in the dictionary help with grammar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x7:1
# text = Usage notes in the dictionary help with grammar.
1	Usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	notes	note	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	dictionary	dictionary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Usage notes in the dictionary |  |  |  |  | with grammar | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with grammar=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If usage is 20 litres a day, a week's usage is 140 litres.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x8:1
# text = If usage is 20 litres a day, a week's usage is 140 litres.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	litres	litre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	140	140	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	litres	litre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | usage | 20 litres and 140 litres |  |  | day |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a week's usage | 140 litres |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **use** |  | a week |  |  |  |  |  | nom usage «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He deferred, however, to universal usage when he entitled his volume "Les Contes en prose de Charles Perrault."

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:usage:x9:1
# text = He deferred, however, to universal usage when he entitled his volume "Les Contes en prose de Charles Perrault."
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	deferred	defer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	however	however	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	universal	universal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	usage	usage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	entitled	entitle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	Les	Les	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
16	Contes	Contes	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	flat	_	_
17	en	en	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	prose	prose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	parataxis	_	_
19	de	de	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	Charles	Charles	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
21	Perrault	Perrault	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **defer** | past | He |  |  |  |  | to universal usage; however *property* | vn acquiesce-95.1 «NP V PP.pivot»: agent=Agent to usage=Pivot |
| 2 | **entitle** | past | he | his volume |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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