---
title: valediction — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «valediction» in the school dictionary: A valediction is the act of saying goodbye, or the words you use to say goodbye. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# valediction

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** valediction, act, you, your, headteacher, poem · **What happens:** be, say, use, close, word, end · **To what, where:** act, goodbye, words, goodbye speech, letter, polite valediction · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«valediction» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [valediction in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/valediction.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A valediction is the act of saying goodbye, or the words you use to say goodbye.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valediction:m1:1
# text = A valediction is the act of saying goodbye, or the words you use to say goodbye.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	valediction	valediction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	saying	say	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	goodbye	goodbye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	advcl	_	_
17	goodbye	goodbye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a valediction | the act |  |  |  | the words *obl* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | the act *not said here* | goodbye |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent goodbye=Topic |
| 3 | **use** | present | you | the words *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | goodbye |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent goodbye=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A valediction is a goodbye speech or poem, or the closing words of a letter, such as «Yours sincerely» or «Best wishes».

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valediction:m2:1
# text = A valediction is a goodbye speech or poem, or the closing words of a letter, such as «Yours sincerely» or «Best wishes».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	valediction	valediction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	goodbye	goodbye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	closing	close	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	amod	_	_
13	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	21	case	_	_
19	as	as	ADP	IN	_	18	fixed	_	_
20	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	Yours	your	PRON	PRP	Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	acl:relcl	_	_
22	sincerely	sincerely	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	Best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	27	amod	_	_
27	wishes	wish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a valediction | a goodbye speech or poem or the closing words of a letter |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **close** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **word** |  |  | a letter |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Yours sincerely» is a polite valediction.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valediction:x1:1
# text = «Yours sincerely» is a polite valediction.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Yours	your	PRON	PRP	Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	0	root	_	_
3	sincerely	sincerely	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	polite	polite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	valediction	valediction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | a polite valediction |  |  |  | sincerely *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
End your letter with a valediction and your name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valediction:x2:1
# text = End your letter with a valediction and your name.
1	End	end	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	valediction	valediction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | imperative | you *not said here* | your letter |  |  |  | with a valediction and your name | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality PP.subeventuality»: agent=Affector letter=Eventuality with valediction=Subeventuality |
| 2 | **letter** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom letter «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
| 3 | **name** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The headteacher gave a short valediction at the leaving party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valediction:x3:1
# text = The headteacher gave a short valediction at the leaving party.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	headteacher	headteacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	valediction	valediction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	amod	_	_
10	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the headteacher | a short valediction |  | the leaving party |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent valediction=Theme at party=Asset |
| 2 | **leave** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poem is a valediction to a friend going away.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valediction:x4:1
# text = The poem is a valediction to a friend going away.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	valediction	valediction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	away	away	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the poem | a valediction |  |  |  | to a friend | tree rules |
| 2 | **go away** | gerund | a friend *not said here* |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A text message rarely has a valediction.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valediction:x5:1
# text = A text message rarely has a valediction.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	message	message	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	rarely	rarely	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	valediction	valediction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a text message | a valediction |  |  |  | rarely *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent valediction=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The valedictorian gave a valediction at graduation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valediction:x6:1
# text = The valedictorian gave a valediction at graduation.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	valedictorian	valedictorian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	valediction	valediction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	graduation	graduation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the valedictorian | a valediction |  | graduation |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent valediction=Theme at graduation=Asset |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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