---
title: valley — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «valley» in the school dictionary: A valley is a low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# valley

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** valley, river, town, Glaciers, we, Fog · **What happens:** be, run, mean, carve out, shape, see · **To what, where:** low area, valley, low point, bottom, shaped valley, whole valley · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«valley» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [valley in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/valley.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A valley is a low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:m1:1
# text = A valley is a low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	between	between	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	often	often	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
18	running	run	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	acl	_	_
19	through	through	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a valley | a low area and a river |  |  |  | of land between hills or mountains | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | gerund | a river *not said here* |  |  | valley |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through it=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A valley can also mean a low point between two high points, like on a graph or a wave.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:m2:1
# text = A valley can also mean a low point between two high points, like on a graph or a wave.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	between	between	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
11	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	points	point	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	graph	graph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	wave	wave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | a valley | a low point |  |  |  | between two high points | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent point=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our town is in a valley between two hills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x1:1
# text = Our town is in a valley between two hills.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	between	between	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Our town |  |  | a valley |  | between two hills | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The river runs along the bottom of the valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x2:1
# text = The river runs along the bottom of the valley.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	along	along	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | the river |  |  | the bottom of the valley |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along bottom=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Glaciers carved out a U-shaped valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x3:1
# text = Glaciers carved out a U-shaped valley.
1	Glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	carved	carve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	U	U	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carve out** | participle | Glaciers *not said here* | a shaped valley |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From the top of the hill we could see the whole valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x4:1
# text = From the top of the hill we could see the whole valley.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | could | we | the whole valley |  | the top of the hill |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer valley=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fog filled the valley in the early morning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x5:1
# text = Fog filled the valley in the early morning.
1	Fog	fog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | Fog | the valley |  |  | morning |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent valley=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Farmers grow crops on the flat valley floor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x6:1
# text = Farmers grow crops on the flat valley floor.
1	Farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	crops	crop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Farmers | crops |  | the flat valley floor |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location crop=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Death Valley is one of the hottest places on Earth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x7:1
# text = Death Valley is one of the hottest places on Earth.
1	Death	Death	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Valley	Valley	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	hottest	hot	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	8	amod	_	_
8	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Death Valley | one |  |  |  | of the hottest places on Earth | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The road winds down into the valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x8:1
# text = The road winds down into the valley.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	winds	wind	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wind down** | present | the road |  |  | the valley |  | down *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into valley=Trajectory |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"There goes another avalanche," said those in the valley beneath.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valley:x9:1
# text = "There goes another avalanche," said those in the valley beneath.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
3	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	5	det	_	_
5	avalanche	avalanche	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
9	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	8	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	beneath	beneath	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** *in a quote* | present |  | another avalanche |  | there |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past |  | those |  | the valley |  |  | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent that=Theme in valley=Manner |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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