---
title: valour — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «valour» in the school dictionary: Great courage, especially in battle or danger. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# valour

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** knight, firefighters, Discretion, Rat, they, Many soldiers · **What happens:** show, award, be, save, say, run away · **To what, where:** bravery, brave deeds, Victoria Cross, great valour, family, better part · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«valour» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [valour in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/valour.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Great courage, especially in battle or danger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:m1:1
# text = Great courage, especially in battle or danger.
1	Great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Worth or bravery shown in brave deeds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:m2:1
# text = Worth or bravery shown in brave deeds.
1	Worth	worth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	bravery	bravery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	deeds	deed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | participle |  | bravery *not said here* |  | brave deeds |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Victoria Cross is awarded «For Valour».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:x1:1
# text = The Victoria Cross is awarded «For Valour».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Victoria	Victoria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Cross	Cross	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	awarded	award	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	For	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Valour	Valour	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **award** | present · passive |  | the Victoria Cross |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.goal NP»: subject=Goal valour=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The knight was famous for his valour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:x2:1
# text = The knight was famous for his valour.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	knight	knight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	valour	valour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the knight |  |  |  |  | for his valour; famous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The firefighters showed great valour in saving the family.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:x3:1
# text = The firefighters showed great valour in saving the family.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	valour	valour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	saving	save	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the firefighters | great valour |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent valour=Recipient |
| 2 | **save** | gerund | the firefighters *not said here* | the family |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent family=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Discretion is the better part of valour,» said the Rat, and they ran away.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:x4:1
# text = «Discretion is the better part of valour,» said the Rat, and they ran away.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Discretion	discretion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	ccomp	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	valour	valour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
11	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Rat	Rat	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
18	away	away	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | Discretion | the better part |  |  |  | of valour | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Rat |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **run away** | past | they |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many soldiers won medals for valour in the war.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:x5:1
# text = Many soldiers won medals for valour in the war.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	medals	medal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	valour	valour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | past | Many soldiers | medals |  | the war |  | for valour | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent medal=Theme for valour=Beneficiary |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Songs were sung about her valour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:x6:1
# text = Songs were sung about her valour.
1	Songs	song	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	sung	sing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	valour	valour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past · passive |  | Songs |  |  |  | about her valour | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Adrastus now gave his troops the word of command to storm the city, and they rushed forward to the attack with great valour.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:valour:x7:1
# text = Adrastus now gave his troops the word of command to storm the city, and they rushed forward to the attack with great valour.
1	Adrastus	Adrastus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	troops	troops	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	iobj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	command	command	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	storm	storm	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	rushed	rush	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
18	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
22	with	with	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	valour	valour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | Adrastus | the word of command | Adrastus's troops |  | now |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent troops=Recipient word=Theme |
| 2 | **storm** | to-infinitive | Adrastus *not said here* | the city |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **rush** | past | troops |  |  |  |  | to the attack with great valour *result*; forward *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to attack=Result |
| 4 | **word** |  |  | command |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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