---
title: vertical — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «vertical» in the school dictionary: Vertical means going straight up and down, at a right angle to the flat ground, like a wall or a flagpole. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# vertical

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Vertical, you, flagpole, y axis, climber, letter · **What happens:** mean, go, be, draw, go up, have · **To what, where:** right angle, straight down line, one kind, vertical line, vertical cliff, one vertical line

<!-- .vabout -->
«vertical» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [vertical in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/vertical.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Vertical means going straight up and down, at a right angle to the flat ground, like a wall or a flagpole.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:m1:1
# text = Vertical means going straight up and down, at a right angle to the flat ground, like a wall or a flagpole.
1	Vertical	vertical	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	up	up	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	down	down	ADV	RB	_	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	flagpole	flagpole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Vertical |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **go** *not said to happen* | gerund | Vertical *not said here* |  |  | a right angle to the flat ground |  | like a wall or a flagpole | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme at angle=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The vertical is a straight up-and-down line or direction.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:m2:1
# text = The vertical is a straight up-and-down line or direction.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	vertical	vertical	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
5	straight	straight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
6	up	up	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	down	down	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	direction	direction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the vertical | a straight down line or direction |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In business (formal), a vertical is one kind of industry or market.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:m3:1
# text = In business (formal), a vertical is one kind of industry or market.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	vertical	vertical	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	industry	industry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	market	market	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a vertical | one kind |  |  |  | of industry or market | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw a vertical line down the middle of the page.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:x1:1
# text = Draw a vertical line down the middle of the page.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	vertical	vertical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	down	down	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	middle	middle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | a vertical line |  |  |  | down the middle of the page | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent line=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The flagpole is vertical.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:x2:1
# text = The flagpole is vertical.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flagpole	flagpole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	vertical	vertical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the flagpole |  |  |  |  | vertical *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The y-axis on the graph is vertical.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:x3:1
# text = The y-axis on the graph is vertical.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	y	y	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	axis	axis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	graph	graph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	vertical	vertical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the y axis on the graph |  |  |  |  | vertical *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The climber went up a vertical cliff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:x4:1
# text = The climber went up a vertical cliff.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	climber	climber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	vertical	vertical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go up** | past | the climber | a vertical cliff |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The letter T has one vertical line and one horizontal line.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:x5:1
# text = The letter T has one vertical line and one horizontal line.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	T	T	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
6	vertical	vertical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
10	horizontal	horizontal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the letter | one vertical line and one horizontal line |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent line=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My vertical jump is 40 centimetres.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vertical:x6:1
# text = My vertical jump is 40 centimetres.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	vertical	vertical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	jump	jump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	centimetres	centimetre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My vertical jump | 40 centimetres |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **jump** |  | My |  |  |  |  |  | nom jump «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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