---
title: vestige — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «vestige» in the school dictionary: A vestige is a small part or trace that is left of something that used to be bigger or used to exist: «the last vestiges of the castle». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# vestige

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** vestige, vestigial body part, part, human tailbone, distant ancestors, whales · **What happens:** be, leave, use, exist, lose, have · **To what, where:** small part, trace, one, science, most, vestige

<!-- .vabout -->
«vestige» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [vestige in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/vestige.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A vestige is a small part or trace that is left of something that used to be bigger or used to exist: «the last vestiges of the castle».

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:m1:1
# text = A vestige is a small part or trace that is left of something that used to be bigger or used to exist: «the last vestiges of the castle».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	vestige	vestige	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	trace	trace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl:relcl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	11	obl	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
17	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	cop	_	_
18	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	ccomp	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	exist	exist	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
24	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	vestiges	vestige	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	appos	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a vestige | a small part or trace |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **leave** | present · passive |  | trace |  |  |  | of something | vn leave-51.2-1 «NP V NP.initial\_location PP.destination»: subject=Source of something=Destination |
| 3 | **use** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | big *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 6 | **exist** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In science, a vestigial body part is one that has lost most of its old use, like the tiny leg bones inside some whales.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:m2:1
# text = In science, a vestigial body part is one that has lost most of its old use, like the tiny leg bones inside some whales.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	vestigial	vestigial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl:relcl	_	_
13	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	12	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
16	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	like	like	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
21	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
22	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	_
24	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	26	det	_	_
26	whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a vestigial body part | one |  | science |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **lose** | present · perfect · passive |  | most of part's old use like the tiny leg bones inside some whales |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **use** |  | part |  |  |  |  | like the tiny leg bones inside some whales | nom use «act transitive»: poss=agent like=obl |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only a vestige of the Roman wall is left in the town.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:x1:1
# text = Only a vestige of the Roman wall is left in the town.
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	vestige	vestige	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present · passive |  | a vestige of the Roman wall |  | the town |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme in town=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was not a vestige of food left after the party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:x2:1
# text = There was not a vestige of food left after the party.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	vestige	vestige	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	after	after	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a vestige of food |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **leave** | participle |  | food *not said here* |  |  | after the party |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The human tailbone is a vestige of a tail our distant ancestors had.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:x3:1
# text = The human tailbone is a vestige of a tail our distant ancestors had.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tailbone	tailbone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	vestige	vestige	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
11	distant	distant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the human tailbone | a vestige |  |  |  | of a tail | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | past | our distant ancestors | a vestige *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vestige=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The last vestiges of snow melted in April.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:x4:1
# text = The last vestiges of snow melted in April.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	vestiges	vestige	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	melted	melt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	April	April	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **melt** | participle |  | snow *not said here* |  |  | april |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some whales have vestiges of back-leg bones inside their bodies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:x5:1
# text = Some whales have vestiges of back-leg bones inside their bodies.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	vestiges	vestige	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
10	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	bodies	body	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some whales | vestiges of leg bones inside whales's bodies |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vestige=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The custom is a vestige of an old harvest festival.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:x6:1
# text = The custom is a vestige of an old harvest festival.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	custom	custom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	vestige	vestige	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	harvest	harvest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	festival	festival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the custom | a vestige |  |  |  | of a old harvest festival | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Argo was consecrated to Poseidon, and was carefully preserved for many generations till no vestige of it remained, when it was placed in the heavens as a brilliant constellation.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vestige:x7:1
# text = The Argo was consecrated to Poseidon, and was carefully preserved for many generations till no vestige of it remained, when it was placed in the heavens as a brilliant constellation.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Argo	Argo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	consecrated	consecrate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Poseidon	Poseidon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
10	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	preserved	preserve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	generations	generation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
15	till	till	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
16	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	17	det	_	_
17	vestige	vestige	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nmod	_	_
20	remained	remain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	25	advmod	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
24	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	placed	place	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	_
29	as	as	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
30	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
31	brilliant	brilliant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	constellation	constellation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consecrate** | past · passive |  | the Argo | Poseidon |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Result |
| 2 | **preserve** | past · passive |  |  |  |  | for many generations | carefully *property* | vn defend-72.3 «NP V S\_ING» |
| 3 | **remain** | past | no vestige of Argo |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **place** | past · passive |  | vestige |  | the heavens |  | as a brilliant constellation | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in heaven=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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