---
title: vice — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «vice» in the school dictionary: A bad habit or a wrong way of behaving. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/V/vice/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [V](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/V/) / vice

# vice

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** wrong way, tool, you, Greed, Chocolate, hand · **What happens:** behave, hold, work, be, laugh, clamp · **To what, where:** something, worst vice, only vice, Mum, wood, vice

<!-- .vabout -->
«vice» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [vice in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/vice.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bad habit or a wrong way of behaving.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:m1:1
# text = A bad habit or a wrong way of behaving.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	habit	habit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	behaving	behave	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **behave** | gerund | a wrong way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Serious crime such as illegal gambling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:m2:1
# text = Serious crime such as illegal gambling.
1	Serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	6	case	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	_
5	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	gambling	gambling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK; US «vise» — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A tool with two jaws that holds something firmly while you work on it.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:m3:1
# text = A tool with two jaws that holds something firmly while you work on it.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tool	tool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	jaws	jaw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	firmly	firmly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
10	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	work	work	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | present | a tool with two jaws | something |  |  |  | firmly *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **work** | present | you |  |  |  |  | on tool | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on it=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: prefix «vice-» — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Next in rank below the top person: vice-captain, vice president.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:m4:1
# text = Next in rank below the top person: vice-captain, vice president.
1	Next	next	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	rank	rank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	below	below	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	president	president	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Greed was the king's worst vice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:x1:1
# text = Greed was the king's worst vice.
1	Greed	greed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	worst	bad	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Greed | the king's worst vice |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chocolate is my only vice, laughed Mum.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:x2:1
# text = Chocolate is my only vice, laughed Mum.
1	Chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
8	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Chocolate | my only vice |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **laugh** | past | Chocolate *not said here* | Mum |  |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mum=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Clamp the wood in the vice before you saw it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:x3:1
# text = Clamp the wood in the vice before you saw it.
1	Clamp	clamp	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clamp** | imperative | you *not said here* | the wood |  | the vice |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wood=Patient |
| 2 | **see** | past | you | wood |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She was chosen as vice-captain of the netball team.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:x4:1
# text = She was chosen as vice-captain of the netball team.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	chosen	choose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	netball	netball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **choose** | past · passive |  | She |  |  |  | as vice captain of the netball team | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His hand gripped mine like a vice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:x5:1
# text = His hand gripped mine like a vice.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gripped	grip	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	mine	my	PRON	PRP	Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grip** | past | His hand | mine |  |  |  | like a vice | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent my=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The vice-principal took the assembly today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:x6:1
# text = The vice-principal took the assembly today.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	principal	principal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	assembly	assembly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the vice principal | the assembly |  |  | today |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent assembly=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He is a great teacher, a corrector of morals, a censor of vice, and a commender of virtue.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:vice:x7:1
# text = He is a great teacher, a corrector of morals, a censor of vice, and a commender of virtue.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	corrector	corrector	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	morals	moral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	censor	censor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	commender	commender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	virtue	virtue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | He | a great teacher and a corrector of morals and a censor of vice and a commender of virtue |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [vicar](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/V/vicar/)
- next →: [viceroy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/V/viceroy/)
- ↑ back to [V in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/V/)