---
title: viking — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «viking» in the school dictionary: The Vikings were seafaring people from Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) who long ago sailed far in longships to raid, trade, explore and settle. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# viking

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Vikings, people, Viking, Viking raiders, Many Vikings, We · **What happens:** seafar, sail, raid, trade, explore, settle · **To what, where:** people, Scandinavia, longships, sea, monastery, city

<!-- .vabout -->
«viking» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [viking in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/viking.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Vikings were seafaring people from Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) who long ago sailed far in longships to raid, trade, explore and settle.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:m1:1
# text = The Vikings were seafaring people from Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) who long ago sailed far in longships to raid, trade, explore and settle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	seafaring	seafar	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Scandinavia	Scandinavia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
10	Norway	Norway	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	Denmark	Denmark	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	Sweden	Sweden	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	_
16	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
17	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	18	advmod	_	_
18	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	sailed	sail	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
20	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	19	advmod	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	longships	longship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	raid	raid	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	trade	trade	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
28	explore	explore	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	conj	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	settle	settle	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **seafar** | past · progressive | the Vikings | people |  | Scandinavia |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sail** | past | people |  |  | longships |  | ago, far *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **raid** | to-infinitive | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **trade** | infinitive | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **explore** | infinitive | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn investigate-35.4 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **settle** | infinitive | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Viking means of or about the Vikings: «a Viking longship».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:m2:1
# text = Viking means of or about the Vikings: «a Viking longship».
1	Viking	viking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Viking	Viking	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	longship	longship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Viking |  |  |  |  | of the Vikings | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Vikings sailed across the sea in longships.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:x1:1
# text = The Vikings sailed across the sea in longships.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sailed	sail	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	across	across	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	longships	longship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sail** | past | the Vikings |  |  | the sea |  | in longships | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent across sea=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Viking raiders attacked the monastery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:x2:1
# text = Viking raiders attacked the monastery.
1	Viking	viking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	raiders	raider	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	attacked	attack	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	monastery	monastery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attack** | past | Viking raiders | the monastery |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent monastery=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Vikings founded the city of Dublin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:x3:1
# text = The Vikings founded the city of Dublin.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	founded	found	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Dublin	Dublin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **found** | past | the Vikings | the city of Dublin |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thursday is named after the Viking god Thor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:x4:1
# text = Thursday is named after the Viking god Thor.
1	Thursday	Thursday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	Viking	Viking	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
7	god	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	Thor	Thor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** | present · passive |  | Thursday |  |  | after the Viking god Thor |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many Vikings were farmers and traders.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:x5:1
# text = Many Vikings were farmers and traders.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	traders	trader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Many Vikings | farmers and traders |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We wrote our names in Viking runes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:x6:1
# text = We wrote our names in Viking runes.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	Viking	viking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	runes	rune	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | We | our names |  | Viking runes |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in rune=Destination |
| 2 | **name** |  | our |  |  | Viking runes |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent in=place |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Viking explorers reached North America long before Columbus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:x7:1
# text = Viking explorers reached North America long before Columbus.
1	Viking	viking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
7	before	before	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Columbus	Columbus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | past | Viking explorers | North America |  |  | before Columbus | long *property* | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent america=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Viking had landed with his men.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viking:x8:1
# text = The Viking had landed with his men.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Viking	Viking	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	landed	land	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **land** | past · perfect | the Viking |  |  |  |  | with Viking's men | vn pocket-9.10-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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