---
title: viscosity — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «viscosity» in the school dictionary: How thick and sticky a liquid is, and how slowly it flows. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# viscosity

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** liquid, high viscosity, viscosity, Honey, We, Warm syrup · **What happens:** be, flow, resist, mean, have, test · **To what, where:** higher viscosity, viscosity, slope, lower viscosity, high viscosity, bottle · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«viscosity» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [viscosity in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/viscosity.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How thick and sticky a liquid is, and how slowly it flows.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viscosity:m1:1
# text = How thick and sticky a liquid is, and how slowly it flows.
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	sticky	sticky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
10	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
11	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	flows	flow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a liquid |  |  |  |  | thick *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | a liquid *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **flow** | present | liquid |  |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How strongly a liquid or gas resists flowing; a high viscosity means it flows slowly.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viscosity:m2:1
# text = How strongly a liquid or gas resists flowing; a high viscosity means it flows slowly.
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	strongly	strongly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	resists	resist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	flowing	flow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	viscosity	viscosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	flows	flow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	ccomp	_	_
16	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **resist** | present | a liquid or gas |  |  |  |  | strongly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **flow** | gerund | a liquid or gas *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **mean** | present | a high viscosity |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **flow** | present | viscosity |  |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Honey has a higher viscosity than water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viscosity:x1:1
# text = Honey has a higher viscosity than water.
1	Honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	viscosity	viscosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Honey | a higher viscosity |  |  |  | than water | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent viscosity=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We tested the viscosity of oil, syrup and water by timing how fast they ran down a slope.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viscosity:x2:1
# text = We tested the viscosity of oil, syrup and water by timing how fast they ran down a slope.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tested	test	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	viscosity	viscosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	syrup	syrup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
11	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	timing	time	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
13	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
14	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	16	advmod	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
17	down	down	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	slope	slope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | past | We | the viscosity of oil and syrup and water |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent viscosity=Theme |
| 2 | **time** | gerund | We *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **run down** | past | viscosity | a slope |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme slope=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Warm syrup has a lower viscosity, so it pours more easily.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viscosity:x3:1
# text = Warm syrup has a lower viscosity, so it pours more easily.
1	Warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	syrup	syrup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	viscosity	viscosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	pours	pour	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
11	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	12	advmod	_	_
12	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Warm syrup | a lower viscosity |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent viscosity=Patient |
| 2 | **pour** | present | syrup |  |  |  |  | easily *property* | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Source |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ketchup has a high viscosity, so it is hard to get out of the bottle.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viscosity:x4:1
# text = Ketchup has a high viscosity, so it is hard to get out of the bottle.
1	Ketchup	ketchup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	viscosity	viscosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	expl	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	out	out	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	bottle	bottle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Ketchup | a high viscosity |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent viscosity=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **get out** | to-infinitive |  | the bottle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Engine oil must have the right viscosity to work well.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viscosity:x5:1
# text = Engine oil must have the right viscosity to work well.
1	Engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	viscosity	viscosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	acl	_	_
10	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | must | Engine oil | the right viscosity |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent viscosity=Patient |
| 2 | **work** | to-infinitive | Engine oil *not said here* | the right viscosity *not said here* |  |  |  | well *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The marble sank slowly because the liquid had a high viscosity.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:viscosity:x6:1
# text = The marble sank slowly because the liquid had a high viscosity.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	marble	marble	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sank	sink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	viscosity	viscosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sink** | past | the marble |  |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **have** | past | the liquid | a high viscosity |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent viscosity=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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