---
title: volcano — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «volcano» in the school dictionary: A volcano is a mountain or opening in the Earth's surface where hot melted rock (lava), ash and gases come out from deep inside. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# volcano

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** volcano, mountain, hot melted rock, active volcano, dormant one, extinct one · **What happens:** be, open, melt, come out, erupt, sleep · **To what, where:** mountain, surface, extinct one, islands, model volcano, town · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«volcano» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [volcano in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/volcano.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A volcano is a mountain or opening in the Earth's surface where hot melted rock (lava), ash and gases come out from deep inside.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:m1:1
# text = A volcano is a mountain or opening in the Earth's surface where hot melted rock (lava), ash and gases come out from deep inside.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	opening	open	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	24	advmod	_	_
14	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	melted	melt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
17	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	ash	ash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	gases	gas	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
24	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
25	out	out	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
26	from	from	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	deep	deep	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
28	inside	inside	ADV	RB	_	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a volcano | a mountain |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **open** | gerund | a mountain *not said here* |  |  | the Earth's surface |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in surface=Location |
| 3 | **melt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **come out** | present | hot melted rock and ash and gases |  |  |  |  | out *property* | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An active volcano can still erupt; a dormant one is sleeping and might erupt again; an extinct one is not expected to erupt again.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:m2:1
# text = An active volcano can still erupt; a dormant one is sleeping and might erupt again; an extinct one is not expected to erupt again.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	still	still	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	erupt	erupt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	dormant	dormant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	sleeping	sleep	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	parataxis	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	erupt	erupt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
16	again	again	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
18	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	extinct	extinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
22	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	_
23	expected	expect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	erupt	erupt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	xcomp	_	_
26	again	again	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **erupt** | can | a active volcano |  |  |  | still |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **sleep** | present · progressive | a dormant one |  |  |  |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **erupt** | might | a dormant one *not said here* |  |  |  | again |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **not** **expect** | present · passive |  | a extinct one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **erupt** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | a extinct one *not said here* |  |  |  | again |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A volcano erupted and lava flowed down the mountain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x1:1
# text = A volcano erupted and lava flowed down the mountain.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	erupted	erupt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	flowed	flow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	down	down	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **erupt** | participle | a volcano |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **flow down** | past | lava | the mountain |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location mountain=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hawaii's islands were made by volcanoes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x2:1
# text = Hawaii's islands were made by volcanoes.
1	Hawaii	Hawaii	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	islands	island	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past · passive | volcanoes | Hawaii's islands |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We made a model volcano with baking soda and vinegar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x3:1
# text = We made a model volcano with baking soda and vinegar.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	baking	baking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	soda	soda	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	vinegar	vinegar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | We | a model volcano |  |  |  | with baking soda and vinegar | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volcano=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mount Vesuvius buried the town of Pompeii in ash.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x4:1
# text = Mount Vesuvius buried the town of Pompeii in ash.
1	Mount	Mount	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Vesuvius	Vesuvius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	buried	bury	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Pompeii	Pompeii	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	ash	ash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bury** | past | Mount | the town of Pompeii |  | ash |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent town=Theme in ash=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An extinct volcano will not erupt again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x5:1
# text = An extinct volcano will not erupt again.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	extinct	extinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	erupt	erupt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	again	again	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **erupt** | future | a extinct volcano |  |  |  | again |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists watch volcanoes for signs of danger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x6:1
# text = Scientists watch volcanoes for signs of danger.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	watch	watch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | present | Scientists | volcanoes |  |  |  | for signs of danger | vn search-35.2 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent volcano=Location for sign=Theme |
| 2 | **sign** |  |  | danger |  |  |  |  | nom sign «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
New Zealand has several active volcanoes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x7:1
# text = New Zealand has several active volcanoes.
1	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	_
2	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | New Zealand | several active volcanoes |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volcano=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ash from the volcano stopped planes from flying.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x8:1
# text = Ash from the volcano stopped planes from flying.
1	Ash	ash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	planes	plane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | past | Ash from the volcano | planes |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality plane=Eventuality |
| 2 | **fly** | gerund | Ash from the volcano *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Does the crater of the volcano know that the glowing lava is pouring from it?

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volcano:x9:1
# text = Does the crater of the volcano know that the glowing lava is pouring from it?
1	Does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	glowing	glow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
11	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	pouring	pour	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	ccomp	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present · do-support | the crater of the volcano |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **glow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **pour** | present · progressive | the glowing lava |  |  | crater |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP.theme V PP.source»: agent=Theme from it=Source |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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