---
title: volume — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «volume» in the school dictionary: How loud a sound is (turn the volume up or down). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# volume

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** loud sound, something, you, I, volume, We · **What happens:** be, take up, hold, measure, amount, turn down · **To what, where:** cubic units, something, volume, 24 cubic centimetres, jug, hearing

<!-- .vabout -->
«volume» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [volume in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/volume.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How loud a sound is (turn the volume up or down).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:m1:1
# text = How loud a sound is (turn the volume up or down).
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	turn	turn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	up	up	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	down	down	ADV	RB	_	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a loud sound |  |  |  |  | turn *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How much space something takes up or holds, measured in cubic units or in litres and millilitres.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:m2:1
# text = How much space something takes up or holds, measured in cubic units or in litres and millilitres.
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nsubj	_	_
5	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	measured	measure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	cubic	cubic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	units	unit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	litres	litre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	millilitres	millilitre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take up** | present | something |  |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **hold** | present | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **measure** | participle |  |  |  | cubic units or litres and millilitres |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An amount of something, especially a large one (the volume of traffic).

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:m3:1
# text = An amount of something, especially a large one (the volume of traffic).
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **amount** |  |  | something |  |  |  |  | nom amount «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One book of a set or series (volume 3).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:m4:1
# text = One book of a set or series (volume 3).
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	set	set	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	series	series	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
10	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please turn the volume down, I'm trying to sleep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:x1:1
# text = Please turn the volume down, I'm trying to sleep.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	turn	turn	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	down	down	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	trying	try	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	sleep	sleep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn down** | imperative | you *not said here* | the volume |  |  |  |  | vn reject-77.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volume=Theme |
| 2 | **try** | present · progressive | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **sleep** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The volume of a box 2 cm by 3 cm by 4 cm is 24 cubic centimetres.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:x2:1
# text = The volume of a box 2 cm by 3 cm by 4 cm is 24 cubic centimetres.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	cm	cm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod:unmarked	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	cm	cm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	cm	cm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
15	24	24	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
16	cubic	cubic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	centimetres	centimetre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the volume of a box  2 cm by 3 cm by 4 cm | 24 cubic centimetres |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We measured the volume of water in the jug: 500 millilitres.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:x3:1
# text = We measured the volume of water in the jug: 500 millilitres.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	measured	measure	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	jug	jug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
11	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	millilitres	millilitre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** | past | We | the volume of water |  | the jug |  | 500 millilitres *obl* | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme volume=Value |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Loud volume through headphones can damage your hearing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:x4:1
# text = Loud volume through headphones can damage your hearing.
1	Loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	headphones	headphone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	damage	damage	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	hearing	hearing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **damage** | can | Loud volume through headphones | your hearing |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hearing=Patient |
| 2 | **hear** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom hearing «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The encyclopedia has twenty volumes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:x5:1
# text = The encyclopedia has twenty volumes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	encyclopedia	encyclopedia	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	volumes	volume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the encyclopedia | twenty volumes |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volume=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ice has a bigger volume than the same water as a liquid.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:x6:1
# text = Ice has a bigger volume than the same water as a liquid.
1	Ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Ice | a bigger volume |  |  |  | than the same water as a liquid | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volume=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was a huge volume of traffic on the motorway.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:x7:1
# text = There was a huge volume of traffic on the motorway.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	motorway	motorway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a huge volume of traffic on the motorway |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the bandmaster wrote a work of twenty-five volumes about the artificial bird.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volume:x8:1
# text = And the bandmaster wrote a work of twenty-five volumes about the artificial bird.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	bandmaster	bandmaster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	volumes	volume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
12	about	about	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	artificial	artificial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | the bandmaster | a work of five volumes about the artificial bird |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent work=Theme |
| 2 | **work** |  | five volumes about the artificial bird |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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