---
title: volunteer — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «volunteer» in the school dictionary: A volunteer is someone who does a job without being paid, because they want to help. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# volunteer

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** volunteer, they, nobody, them, I, mum · **What happens:** be, do, pay, want, help, offer · **To what, where:** someone, job, something, them, information, volunteer

<!-- .vabout -->
«volunteer» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [volunteer in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/volunteer.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A volunteer is someone who does a job without being paid, because they want to help.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:m1:1
# text = A volunteer is someone who does a job without being paid, because they want to help.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	volunteer	volunteer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
14	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	want	want	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a volunteer | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | present |  | a job |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Eventuality |
| 3 | **pay** | gerund · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP» |
| 4 | **want** | present | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 5 | **help** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A volunteer is someone who offers to do something nobody forced them to do.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:m2:1
# text = A volunteer is someone who offers to do something nobody forced them to do.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	volunteer	volunteer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	offers	offer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	_
10	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	11	nsubj	_	_
11	forced	force	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a volunteer | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **offer** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 4 | **force** | past | nobody | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent they=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 5 | **do** | to-infinitive | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To volunteer is to offer to do something, or to work without pay.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:m3:1
# text = To volunteer is to offer to do something, or to work without pay.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	volunteer	volunteer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	compound	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	offer	offer	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	work	work	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
13	without	without	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	pay	pay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **volunteer** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn captain-29.8 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | offer *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 4 | **work** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | without pay | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To volunteer information is to tell it without being asked.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:m4:1
# text = To volunteer information is to tell it without being asked.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	volunteer	volunteer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	information	information	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	tell	tell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	asked	ask	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **volunteer** | to-infinitive |  | information |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent information=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | tell *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | gerund · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V» |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Can I have a volunteer to hand out the books?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:x1:1
# text = Can I have a volunteer to hand out the books?
1	Can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	volunteer	volunteer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	hand	hand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | can | I | a volunteer |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hand out** | to-infinitive | a volunteer *not said here* | the books |  |  |  |  | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent book=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My mum volunteers at the food bank every Saturday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:x2:1
# text = My mum volunteers at the food bank every Saturday.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	volunteers	volunteer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	Saturday	Saturday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **volunteer** | present | My mum |  |  | the food bank | saturday |  | vn captain-29.8 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She volunteered to read her poem aloud.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:x3:1
# text = She volunteered to read her poem aloud.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	volunteered	volunteer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	aloud	aloud	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **volunteer** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **read** | to-infinitive | She *not said here* | her poem |  |  |  | aloud *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poem=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Twenty volunteers picked up litter on the beach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:x4:1
# text = Twenty volunteers picked up litter on the beach.
1	Twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	volunteers	volunteer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	picked	pick	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	litter	litter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pick up** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84-1 «NP V PP.topic S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Volunteers at the animal shelter walk the dogs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:x5:1
# text = Volunteers at the animal shelter walk the dogs.
1	Volunteers	volunteer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	shelter	shelter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	walk	walk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | infinitive | Volunteers at the animal shelter | the dogs |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each of 12 volunteers worked 3 hours, so they gave 36 hours in all.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:x6:1
# text = Each of 12 volunteers worked 3 hours, so they gave 36 hours in all.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	volunteers	volunteer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
12	36	36	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | past | each 12 volunteers |  |  |  | hour |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **give** | past | volunteers *= volunteer* |  |  | all | hour |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He volunteered the answer before anyone asked.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:x7:1
# text = He volunteered the answer before anyone asked.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	volunteered	volunteer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj	_	_
7	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **volunteer** | past | He | the answer |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent answer=Topic |
| 2 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | anyone |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The king then promised a large reward to the soldier who would volunteer for the post.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:volunteer:x8:1
# text = The king then promised a large reward to the soldier who would volunteer for the post.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
4	promised	promise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	reward	reward	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	soldier	soldier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
11	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
12	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	volunteer	volunteer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	acl:relcl	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	post	post	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promise** *speech: promise* | past | the king | a large reward |  |  | then | to the soldier *goal* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent reward=Theme to soldier=Goal |
| 2 | **volunteer** | would | the soldier |  |  |  |  | for the post | vn captain-29.8 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for post=Beneficiary |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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