---
title: warfare — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «warfare» in the school dictionary: Warfare is fighting in a war, or the way a war is fought. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# warfare

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**Who acts:** Warfare, book, feather · **What happens:** fight, change, invent, use, ban, be · **To what, where:** war, guns, Chemical warfare, sea, great suffering, Knights

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«warfare» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [warfare in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/warfare.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Warfare is fighting in a war, or the way a war is fought.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:warfare:m1:1
# text = Warfare is fighting in a war, or the way a war is fought.
1	Warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	fighting	fight	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	fought	fight	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fight** | present · progressive | Warfare |  |  | a war |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **fight** | present · passive |  | a war |  |  |  | the way *obl:unmarked* | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Warfare changed when guns were invented.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:warfare:x1:1
# text = Warfare changed when guns were invented.
1	Warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	changed	change	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	guns	gun	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	invented	invent	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | past | Warfare |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **invent** | past · passive |  | guns |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ancient warfare used swords and shields.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:warfare:x2:1
# text = Ancient warfare used swords and shields.
1	Ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	swords	sword	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	shields	shield	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chemical warfare is banned.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:warfare:x3:1
# text = Chemical warfare is banned.
1	Chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	banned	ban	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ban** | present · passive |  | Chemical warfare |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The book is about warfare at sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:warfare:x4:1
# text = The book is about warfare at sea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	about	about	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the book |  |  | sea |  | about warfare | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Warfare causes great suffering.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:warfare:x5:1
# text = Warfare causes great suffering.
1	Warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	suffering	suffering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present | Warfare | great suffering |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition suffering=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Knights trained for warfare.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:warfare:x6:1
# text = Knights trained for warfare.
1	Knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	trained	train	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **train** | participle · passive |  | Knights |  |  |  | for warfare | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the above-described warfare, if a Pygmy chanced to pluck out a crane's tail feather, it proved a very great feather in his cap.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:warfare:x7:1
# text = In the above-described warfare, if a Pygmy chanced to pluck out a crane's tail feather, it proved a very great feather in his cap.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
3	above	above	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	described	describe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Pygmy	pygmy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	chanced	chance	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	pluck	pluck	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	_
14	out	out	ADP	RP	_	13	compound:prt	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	crane	crane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	's	's	PART	POS	_	16	case	_	_
18	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	feather	feather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	proved	prove	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
24	very	very	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	feather	feather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	cap	cap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **chance** | participle |  | a Pygmy *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn risk-94-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **pluck out** | to-infinitive |  | a crane's tail feather |  |  |  |  | vn braid-41.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent feather=Patient |
| 4 | **prove** | past | feather | a great feather |  | the described warfare and a Pygmy |  | in his cap | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent feather=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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