---
title: waterfall — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «waterfall» in the school dictionary: A waterfall is a place where a river or stream flows over the edge of a cliff or steep rock and falls down. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# waterfall

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** waterfall, river, We, Niagara Falls, Angel, Rocks · **What happens:** be, flow, fall down, walk, roar, get · **To what, where:** place, edge, forest, border, highest waterfall, world

<!-- .vabout -->
«waterfall» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [waterfall in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/waterfall.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A waterfall is a place where a river or stream flows over the edge of a cliff or steep rock and falls down.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:m1:1
# text = A waterfall is a place where a river or stream flows over the edge of a cliff or steep rock and falls down.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	waterfall	waterfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	11	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	stream	stream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	flows	flow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
12	over	over	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	falls	fall	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
23	down	down	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a waterfall | a place |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **flow** | present | a river or stream |  |  | the edge of a cliff or steep rock |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over edge=Location |
| 3 | **fall down** | present | a river or stream *not said here* |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We walked to the waterfall in the forest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:x1:1
# text = We walked to the waterfall in the forest.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	waterfall	waterfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | past | We |  |  | the forest |  | to the waterfall *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to waterfall=Result |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Niagara Falls is on the border of Canada and the USA.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:x2:1
# text = Niagara Falls is on the border of Canada and the USA.
1	Niagara	Niagara	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Falls	Falls	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Niagara Falls |  |  | the border |  | of Canada and the USA | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The waterfall roared as we got closer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:x3:1
# text = The waterfall roared as we got closer.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	waterfall	waterfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	roared	roar	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	closer	close	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roar** | past | the waterfall |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **get** | past | we |  |  |  |  | close *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Angel Falls is the highest waterfall in the world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:x4:1
# text = Angel Falls is the highest waterfall in the world.
1	Angel	angel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Falls	Falls	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	highest	high	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	amod	_	_
6	waterfall	waterfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Angel | the highest waterfall |  | the world |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rocks near a waterfall are slippery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:x5:1
# text = Rocks near a waterfall are slippery.
1	Rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	near	near	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	waterfall	waterfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	slippery	slippery	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Rocks near a waterfall |  |  |  |  | slippery *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The water crashes into a plunge pool.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:x6:1
# text = The water crashes into a plunge pool.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	crashes	crash	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	plunge	plunge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	pool	pool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crash** | present | the water |  |  |  |  | into a plunge pool *result* | vn break-45.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Patient into pool=Result |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A rainbow appeared in the waterfall's spray.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:x7:1
# text = A rainbow appeared in the waterfall's spray.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rainbow	rainbow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	appeared	appear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	waterfall	waterfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	spray	spray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **appear** | past | a rainbow |  |  | the waterfall's spray |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in spray=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They lay in wait at the waterfalls up which I leaped like a silver flash.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:waterfall:x8:1
# text = They lay in wait at the waterfalls up which I leaped like a silver flash.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lay	lay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	wait	wait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	waterfalls	waterfall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
10	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	leaped	leap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	silver	silver	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	flash	flash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lay up** | present | They |  |  | wait |  | at the waterfalls | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in wait=Destination |
| 2 | **leap** | past |  |  |  |  |  | like a silver flash | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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